Nikola Tesla i skalarni valovi
Nikola Tesla nije bio samo veliki pronalazač – on je i osnivač “nove znanosti” koja tek čeka talentirane istraživače koji će biti u stanju da sagledaju veličinu njegove misli. U klasičnoj fizici je poznato da se energija može beskontaktno prenositi zračenjem. Priroda zračenja može biti različita: toplinsko, elektromagnetsko, radioaktivno. Svim ovim oblicima zračenja je svojstveno da se emitirani zraci iz jedne točke šire na sve strane u obliku sfere u beskonačnost. Udaljavanjem od izvora zračenja sfera se uvećava te količina energije po jedinici površine zamišljene sfere opada i to sa kvadratom udaljenosti. To znači da sa, na primjer, dvostrukim povećanjem udaljenosti od izvora zračenja količina energije po jedinici površine opadne četiri puta. Ova osobina zračenje kao metod prijenosa snage na veće daljine - čini potpuno neprimjenljivim. „Uhvaćene“" količine zračene energije bile bi suviše male za vršenje bilo kakvog rada a daleko najveći dio proizvedene i emitirane energije bi se izgubio u beskrajnim prostranstvima Prostora. Metoda emitiranja elektromagnetske energije se koristi u telekomunikacijama zahvaljujući činjenici da je za pobuđivanje pojačala na prijemnom dijelu dovoljna fantastično mala energija. I pri ovoj, danas veoma širokoj, primjeni prijenosa energije elektromagnetskim zračenjem prijemne antene uhvate gotovo zanemarljivo mali dio emitirane energije. Sve ostalo se izgubi u dubinama Prostora. Tu nepoželjnu osobinu gubitka energije sa udaljenosti prilikom prijenosa zračenjem Nikola Tesla je, prema nekim izvorima, riješio još pred kraj prošlog vijeka. Od tada, po prilici, datira njegov pronalazak potpuno novog polja, uvjetno rečeno, zračenja. Priroda tog energetskog polja je sasvim drukčija od prirode već klasičnog elektromagnetskog zračenja koje se u literaturi sa početka ovog vijeka najčešće naziva "Hertzovi valovi". Osnovna razlika je u tome da ovo energetsko polje nikuda ne odlazi ako se to ne želi, odnosno po svojoj prirodi nema pravac i smjer širenja, već samo intenzitet. Stoga je i nazvano skalarno statičko polje.

Konkretniji podaci o novom revolucionarnom pronalasku se prvi put sreću u časopisu "The Electrical Engineer" - London od 24.12.1909. godine. U časopisu je, naime, objavljena vijest o novoj vrsti bežične telegrafije i telefonije čiji pronalazak je objavio Nikola Tesla. Prema tom članku, Tesla je objavio uspješno obavljen eksperiment u Coloradu. U eksperimentu je poslat signal koji je obišao zemljinu kuglu i primljen na istom mjestu. Pri tome je korišteno potpuno novo energetsko polje koje ne samo da ima sasvim drukčiju prirodu u odnosu na "Hertzove valove" već donosi i dvije revolucionarne novine: primljena energija je skoro potpuno jednaka emitiranoj, odnosno transfer energije na udaljenost od 40.000 kilometara je ostvaren bez gubitaka i, drugo, emitirani signal je put od 40.000 kilometara prešao za 84 tisučitog dijela sekunde, odnosno brzinom približno 50 posto većom od brzine svjetlosti! Treba podsetiti da se brzina svjetlosti i u klasičnoj i u Einsteinovojskoj fizici smatra najvećom mogućom u prirodi. Brzina svjetlosti je jedna od fizičkih konstanti. Ovaj drugi podatak iz spomenutog članka je gotovo senzacionalniji i od prvog i u njega se, vjerojatno opravdano, sumnja s obzirom na ograničene mogućnosti tako preciznog mjerenja vremena na početku dvadesetog vijeka.

Osnovna vrijednost pronalaska skalarnog energetskog polja je jeftina produkcija i prijenos energije. To je i osnovna Teslina namjera. Realizacija ovog projekta je obećavala da, na primjer, preko neke vrste antene na vašem automobilu crpite energiju iz skalarnog polja koje nas okružuje i prelazite neograničen broj kilometara po veoma niskoj cijeni. U cilju konkretizacije revolucionarnog pronalaska na Long Islandu u New Yorku je započeta izgradnja takozvanog "Teslinog tornja" za emitiranje energije (ne u komunikacijske svrhe). Pošto su grubi radovi već bili skoro završeni, od izgradnje se iznenada odustalo i toranj je demontiran na početku prvog svjetskog rata. Realizacija ovog projekta nikada više nije pokušana.

Mada je osnovni motiv Teslinog rada neosporno bila dobrobit čovječanstva, njemu nije bila strana ni ideja destruktivne primjene energije skalarnog polja, kao oružja u odbrambene svrhe. Od početka prvog svjetskog rata pa do kraja svog života Tesla je više puta predlagao izgradnju odbrambenih oružja fantastičnih mogućnosti na osnovu njegovih fundamentalnih pronalazaka. Znanstveni rad Nikole Tesle je i danas obavijen velom tajne. Izložen mnogim namjernim i nenamjernim mistifikacijama. U velikom broju patenata i nepatentiranih ideja danas je teško i stručnjacima, a pogotovo radoznalim laicima, pouzdano razdvojiti tehnički objektivno od tehničke utopije. I sam pokušaj tako nečega djeluje pretenciozno s obzirom na veličinu uma koji je sve to kreirao ili mu se pripisuje. Neosporno je da je Tesla bio tipičan inventivni pronalazač. Ideje su mu gotovo u cjelini krojene u glavi, potom su slijedili eksperimenti i tehnička realizacija a na kraju kompletiranje tehničke dokumentacije sa matematičkom obradom pronalazaka.

U mnogim slučajevima izostajala je treća a često i druga faza rađanja inovacije. Mnogi Teslini pronalasci su ostali na nivou tehničke ideje koju je iznosio u stručnim časopisima, na prigodnim konferencijama za novine ili prosto u razgovoru sa rijetkim prijateljima. Otuda i današnja konfuzija o broju Teslinih patenata i pronalazaka i njihovoj tehničkoj primjenljivosti u praksi. Pronalazač Teslinih ploča Ralph Bergstreser Neosporno je, međutim, da je sam Tesla za svoj najznačajniji pronalazak smatrao sistem bežičnog prijenosa energije na daljinu. Princip prijenosa se zasnivao na pronalasku potpuno novog energetskog polja, takozvanog "skalarnog statičkog polja". Prvu objavu o ovom pronalasku Tesla je dao na samom kraju XIX vijeka a ozbiljnije je na tome radio u prvom desetljeću XX vijeka.Nekako u to vrijeme Tesla je u krugovima finansijske oligarhije proglašen "opasnim suludim starcem" nakon čega mu je bitno smanjena finansijska podrška a znanstvenik se skoro potpuno povukao iz javnog života poslije 1914. godine.

Osnovna namjena Teslinog najvećeg pronalaska je osiguranje velikih količina jeftine energije za dobrobit čovječanstva. Međutim, izbijanjem velikog svjetskog rata ideje primjene skalarnog statičkog polja u ratne svrhe se sama nametnula. Tesla nije bježao od stvarnosti. U velikom ratu iskreno je stao na stranu demokracije i slobode i ponudio svoje usluge. Prijedlozi primjene njegovih pronalazaka u ratne svrhe koje je davao kretali su se od komunikacija kroz vodu, zemlju i zrak, daljinske detekcije neprijateljskih objekata, daljinskog upravljanja svlastitim plovnim i letećim objektima pa sve do destruktivne primjene. Zadržati ćemo se, ovom prilikom, na idejama agresivne destruktivne primjene Teslinih pronalazaka.

Izradu i primjenu principijelno novog oružja Tesla prvi put direktno predlaže u zimu 1915. godine. O tome izvještava New York Times 8. decembra 1915. godine pod naslovom "Teslin novi pronalazak vatrene strijele". U tekstu se prepričava Teslina izjava da je pronašao i isprobao novo oružje slično loptastim vatrenim munjama koje su poznate kao prirodni fenomen. Novim oružjem je moguće uništiti neprijateljske objekte na moru, kopnu i u zraku na proizvoljnoj udaljenosti. Živu silu je moguće uništiti ili paralizir po želji. Detaljnijeg opisa najavljenog oružja nema ni u spomenutom tekstu ni u tehničkoj dokumentaciji uz zahtjev za priznavanje patenta. O tome Tesla kaže: "Nije vrijeme da se ide u detalje u ovoj stvari. Projekt se zasniva na principu koji predstavlja veliku stvar u miru, ali se može upotrijebiti i za velike stvari u ratu. Ali, ponavljam, nije vrijeme da govorim o detaljima. Apsolutno je izvodljivo bežično prenošenje energije na daljinu i izazivanje destruktivnih efekata na velikim udaljenostima. Upravo sam konstruirao bežični predajnik koji pruža ove mogućnosti i opisao sam ga u tehničkoj dokumentaciji koju prilažem uz moj patent 1.119.732 koji mi je nedavno odobren.

Sa ovim predajnicima u mogućnosti smo da proizvedemo i prenesemo svaku količinu električne energije na bilo koju udaljenost i da je koristimo za bilo koju namjenu u miru i u ratu"... Detaljni tehnički opis novog pronalaska, koji Tesla ovde spominje, nikada nije objavljen (a možda ni napisan) a, koliko se zna, ni sam pronalazak nikada nije realiziran. Kasniji istraživači Teslinog rada se uglavnom slažu da se radi o ideji primjene skalarnog statičkog energetskog polja u ratne svrhe. Emitiranjem dvije "zrake" skalarnog polja i njihovom interferencijom u određenoj točki prostora na odabranoj udaljnosti moguće je izazvati različite efekte u energetskom smislu, što zavisi od faznog odnosa kuplovanih skalarnih polja.

U tretiranom prostoru je moguće izazvati kako snažan toplinski ponor tako i snažan toplinski izvor. Toplinski ponor "guta" velike količine toplinske energije iz atmosfere čime snižava temperaturu i utječe na klimatske prilike u određenom području. Na ovaj način je, na primjer, moguće uslijed leta izazvati vremenske nepogode sa tučom i time uništiti poljoprivredne prinose. U suprotnom slučaju, pri kreiranju toplinskog izvora, skalarno energetsko polje diže temperaturu zraka u tretiranoj zoni na više stotina tisuća stupnjeva Celzijusa čime se zrak u datoj sredini ionizira i formira se svijetleća lopta, slična loptastoj munji, koja trenutno spaljuje sve sa čim dođe u dodir. Uređaj kojim se sve to postiže je u literaturi nazvan "Teslin skalarni interferometar". Ovaj pronalazak, koliko se zna, nije nikada realiziran niti detaljno opisan. Međutim, registrirano je više pokušaja drugih pronalazača da na osnovu Teslinog rada stvore praktično upotrebljiv uređaj. Prema mišljenju Toma Beardena, najuspešniji istraživač Teslinog rada i inovator bio je T. Henry Moray iz Salt Lake City-a u Utahu. Dr Moray je, navodno, uspio 1939. godine da iz vakumske sredine pomoću izvjesnog dvadesetdevetostupanjskog pojačala "izvuče" 50 kilovata snage. Posebno je interesantno da je svakim narednim stupnjom pojačala moguće dobiti novih 50 kilovata sve do maksimalnih 1,5 megavata energije. Ova energija se, navodno, dobiva na osnovu prisutnog prirodnog skalarnog statičkog energetskog polja.

U javnosti se Nikola Tesla od spomenute 1915. godine sve do smrti 1943. godine pojavljivao u javnosti skoro isključivo na konferencijama za novine prilikom svojih rođendana. Skoro svaki put bi se u takvim prilikama, objavljujući nove pronalaske, vraćao skalarnom statičkom polju (mada ga sam tako nije nazivao niti eksplicitno navodio), ali u različitim primjenama: telekomunikacije na zemlji, komunikacija sa drugim planetama, prijenos energije, defanzivno oružje (Teslin štit) i drugo. Svakom dolazećom godinom Tesla je na svojim rođendanskim konferencijama za novine sve pričljiviji, ali i sve općenitiji, što daje povoda pomisli da je zalutao u vode maštarija i fantastike.

Međutim, veliki znanstvenik se ponovo vraća oružju 1940. godine prilikom proslave svog 84. rođendana. Povod njegovog misaonog povratka oružju je svakako izbijanje novog velikog svjetskog rata. Njegova ponuda američkoj vladi je predložena u svim većim američkim listovima u periodu od 12. do 20. jula 1940. godine. Tesla nudi svoj novi pronalazak nazvan "zraci smrti" za uništavanje neprijateljskih sredstava na udaljenosti do 250 milja (oko 400 kilometara). Prema njegovoj izjavi, smrtonosni zrak ima poprečni presjek manji od stomilionitog dijela kvadratnog centimetra, ali je u stanju da razloži sve pred sobom. Uređaj bi koštao manje od dva miliona dolara a moguće ga je napraviti za manje od tri mjeseca. Tesla je tada predložio izgradnju nevidljivog "kineskog zida" oko Sjedinjenih Država na osnovu njegovog pronalaska. Zanimljivo je da je ovaj znanstvenik tada decidirano istakao da uređaj radi na novim fizičkim principima različitim od bežičnog prijenosa energije (skalarnog energetskog polja). Međutim, i taj pronalazak je završio na rođendanskoj konferenciji za novine i u desetini novinskih članaka. Tri godine kasnije Nikola Tesla je umro ostavljajući iza sebe radoznalim stručnjacima i laicima obilje materijala za istraživanje.

PATENT US1119732 APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY.
V N. TBSLA. ABPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY. APPLICATION FILED JANJB, 1902. RENEWED MAY 4, 1907.
1,1 19,732, Patented Dec. 1,1914.
Patented Dec. 1,
Application filed January 18, 1902, Serial No. 90,245. Renewed May 4, 1907. Serial No. 371,817.

To all whom it may concern Be it known that I, NIKOLA TESLA, a citizen of the United States, residing in the borough of Manhattan, in the city, county, and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy, of which the following is a specification, reference being bad to the drawing accom-' panying and forming a part of the same. In endeavoring to adapt currents or discharges of very high tension to various valuable uses, as the distribution of energy through wires from central plants to distant places of consumption, or the transmission of powerful disturbances to great distances, through the natural or non-artificial media, I have encountered difliculties in confining considerable amounts of electricity tothe conductors and preventing its leakage over their supports, or its escape into the ambient air, which always takes place when the electric surface density reaches a certain value. The intensity of the effect of a' transmitting circuit with a free or elevated terminal is proportionate to the quantity of electricity" displaced, which is determined by the product of the capacity of the circuit, the pressure, and the frequency of the currents employed. To produce an electrical movement of the required magnitude it is desirable to charge the terminal as highly as possible, for while a great quantity of electricity may also be displaced by a large capacity charged to low pressure, there are disadvantages met with in many cases when the former is made too large. The chief of 7 these are due to the fact that an increase of I more vigorously. Therefore, in order to y ticable. The capacity entails a lowering of the frequency of the impulses or discharges and adiminution of the energy of vibration. This will be understood when it is borne in mind, that a circuit with a large capacity behaves as a slackspring, whereas one with a small capacity acts like a stiff spring, vibrating found it imperativeto so construct the elevated conductoiythat its outer surface, on. To accomplish this result I have which the electrical charge chiefly accumulates, has ltself a large radius of curvature, or is composed of separate elements which, I irrespective of their own radius of curvature, are arranged in close proximity to each other and so, that the outside ideal surface enveloping them is of a large radius. Evidently, the smaller the radius of curvature the greater, for a given electric displacement, will be the surface-density and, consequently, the lower the limiting pressure to which the terminal may be charged without electricity escaping into the air. Such a terminal I secure to an insulating support entering more or less into its interior, and I likewise connect the circuit to it inside or, generally, at points where the electric den sity is small. This plan of constructing and supporting a highly charged conductor I have found to be of great practical importance, and it may be usefully applied in many pressly provided for safety ap liances, instruments. of observation, etc., w ich in turn rests on insulating supports F F. These should penetrate far into the hollow space formed by the terminal, and" if the electric density at the points where they are bolted I to the frame is still considerable, they may be specially protected by conducting hoods as H. A part of the improvements which form the subject ofthis specification, the transmitting circuit, in its general features, is identical with that described and claimed in my original Patents Nos. 645,57 6 and 649,621. The circuit comprises a coil A which is in close inductive relation with a primary C, and-.pn'e end of which is connected to. a ground-plate E, while its other end is led through aseparatself-induction coil B and a metallic cylinder B; tothe terminal its yond the others ,(in which I of larger radius of curvature) so that, should the pressure rise to a value, beyondwhich 1t The connection to the'lattershould always be made at, or near the center, in order to secure a symmetrical distribution of the ourrent, as otherwise, when the frequency is very high and the flow of large volume, the performance of the apparatus might be impaired. The primary C may be excited in any desired manner, from a suitable source of currents G, which may be an alternator 'or condenser, the important requirement beingthat the resonant condition is established, that is to say, that the terminal I) is charged to the maximum pressure developed in the circuit, as 1 have specified in my original patents before referred to. The adjustments should be made with particular care when the transmitter is one of great power, not only on account of economy, but also in order to avoid danger. I have shown that it is practicable to produce in a resonating circuit as E A B B D immense electrical activities, measured by tens and even hundreds of thousands of horse-power, and in such a case, if the points of maximum pressure should be shifted below the tervminal D, along coil B, a ball of fire might break out and destroy the support F or anything else in the way. For the better appreciation ofthe nature of this danger it should be stated, that the destructive action may take place with inconceivable violence. This will cease to be surprising when it is borne in mind, that the entire energy accumulated in the excited circuit, instead of requiring, asunder normal working conditions, one quarter of the period or more for its transformation from static to kinetic form, may spend itself in an incomparably smaller interval of time, at a rate of many millions of horse powen The accident is apt to occur when, the transmitting circuit being strongly excited, the impressed oscillations'upon itare caused, in any manner more or less sudden, to be more rapid than the free oscillations. It is therefore, advisable'to begin the adjustments with feeble and somewhat "slower impressed oscillations, strengthening and quickening them grad ually, until the "apparatus has been brought under perfect. control. To increase the safety, I provide on a convenient place, preferably on terminal D, one or more elements or plates either of somewhat smaller radius of curvature or protruding more or less becase they maybe 1 set forth. Latter is in the form of ,a cylinder with smooth or polished surface of a radius much larger than that of the half spherical elements P P, and widens out at the bottom into a hood H, which should be slotted to avoid loss by eddy currents and the purpose of which will be clear from the fore-' going. The coil B is wound on a frame or drum D of insulating material, with its turns close together. I have discovered that when so wound the effect of the small radius of curvature of the wire itself is overcome and the coil behaves as a conductor of large radius of curvature, corresponding to that of'the drum. This feature is of considerable practical' importance and is applicable not only in this special instance, erally. For example, such plates at F P of terminal I), though preferably of large radius of curvature, need not be necessarily so, for provided only that the individual but 'enplates or elements of a. high potential conductor or terminal are arranged in proximity to each other and with their outer boundaries along an ideal symmetrical enveloping surface of a large radius of curvature, the advantages of the invention will be more or less fully realized. The lower end of the coil Bwhich,vif desired, may be extended up to the terminal D-should be-somewhat below the uppermost turn of coil A. This, I find, lessens the tendency of the charge to break out from the wire connecting both and to pass along the support F. Having described my invention, I claim: As a means for producing great electrical activities a resonant circuit having its outer conducting boundaries, which are charged to a high potential, arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature so as to prevent leakage of the oscillating charge, substantially as set forth. In apparatus for the transmission of electrical energy a circuit connected to ground andto an elevated terminal and having its outer conducting boundaries, which are subject to high tension, arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature substantially as, and for the purpose described. In a plant for the transmission'of electrical energy without wires, in combination with a primaryor exciting circuit a secondi ary connected to ground and to an elevated terminal and having its, outer conducting boundaries, which are charged to a high potentiah arrangedin surfaces of large radii of curvature' for thpurpose of"preventing leakage and loss. As a means for transmitting electrical energy to a distance through the. natural of energy, substantially as sion, having its outer conducting boundaries on which a high tension charge accumulates arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature, substantially as described. The means for producing excessive electric potentials consisting of a primary exciting-circuit and a resonant secondary having its outer conducting elements which are subject to high tension arranged in proximity to each other and in surfaces of large radii of curvature so as to prevent leakage ofthe charge and attendant lowering of potential, substantially as described. A circuit comprising a part upon which oscillations are impressed and another part for raising the tension by resonance, the v latter partbeing supported on places'of low electric density and having its outermost conducting boundaries arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature, as set forth. In apparatus-for the transmisslon of electrical energy without wires a grounded circuit the outer conducting elements of' which have a great aggregate area and are arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature soas toxpermit the storing of a high charge at a small electric density and pre vent lossthrough leakage, substantially as described. A wireless transmitter comprisingin combination a source of oscillations as a condenser, a primary exciting circuit and a secondary grounded and elevated conductor the outer conducting boundaries of which are in-proximity to each other and arranged in surfaces of large radii of curvature, substantially as described. In apparatus forthe transmission of electrical energy withoutwires an elevated conductor or antenna having its outer high potential conducting or capacity elements arranged in proximity to each other and in surfaces of large radil of curvature so as to overcome the effect of the small radius of curvature of the individual elements and leakage of the charge, as set forth. Aries arranged'in surfaces of large radii of curvature in combination with an elevated terminal of great surface supported at points-of low electric density, substantially as described.

NIKOLA TESLA.
Witnessesz, y v
M. LAMSON DYER,- RICHARD DONOVAN.

SOVIET TESLA WEAPON
In the 1930's Tesla announced other bizarre and terrible weapons: a death ray, a weapon to destroy hundreds or even thousands of aircraft at hundreds of miles range, and his ultimate weapon to end all war -- the Tesla shield, which nothing could penetrate. However, by this time no one any longer paid any real attention to the forgotten great genius. Tesla died in 1943 without ever revealing the secret of these great weapons and inventions.

Unfortunately, today in 1981 the Soviet Union has long since discovered and weaponized the Tesla scalar wave effects. Here we only have time to detail the most powerful of these frightening Tesla weapons -- which Brezhnev undoubtedly was referring to in 1975 when the Soviet side at the SALT talks suddenly suggested limiting the development of new weapons "more frightening than the mind of man had imagined." One of these weapons is the Tesla howitzer recently completed at the Saryshagan missile range and presently considered to be either a high-energy laser or a particle beam weapon, (See Aviation Week & Space Technology, July 28, 1980, p. 48 for an artist's conception.)

The Saryshagan howitzer actually is a huge Tesla scalar interferometer with four modes of operation. One continuous mode is the Tesla shield, which places a thin, impenetrable hemispherical shell of energy over a large defended area. The 3-dimensional shell is created by interfering two Fourier-expansion, 3-dimensional scalar hemispherical patterns in space so they pair-couple into a dome-like shell of intense, ordinary electromagnetic energy. The air molecules and atoms in the shell are totally ionized and thus highly excited, giving off intense, glowing light. Anything physical which hits the shell receives an enormous discharge of electrical energy and is instantly vaporized -- it goes pfft! like a bug hitting one of the electrical bug killers now so much in vogue. If several of these hemispherical shells are concentrically stacked, even the gamma radiation and EMP from a high altitude nuclear explosion above the stack cannot penetrate all the shells due to repetitive absorption and reradiation, and scattering in the layered plasmas.

In the continuous shield mode, the Tesla interferometer is fed by a bank of Moray free energy generators, so that enormous energy is available in the shield. A diagram of the Saryshagan-type Tesla howitzer is shown in figure. Hal Crawford's fine drawing of the interferometer end of the Tesla howitzer is shown in figure. Hal's exceptional rendition of the Tesla shield produced by the howitzer is shown in figure.

In the pulse mode, a single intense 3-dimensional scalar phi-field pulse form is fired, using two truncated Fourier transforms, each involving several frequencies, to provide the proper 3-dimensional shape. This is why two scalar antennas separated by a baseline are required. After a time delay calculated for the particular target, a second and faster pulse form of the same shape is fired from the interferometer antennas. The second pulse overtakes the first, catching it over the target zone and pair-coupling with it to instantly form a violent EMP of ordinary vector (Hertzian) electromagnetic energy. There is thus no vector transmission loss between the howitzer and the burst. Further, the coupling time is extremely short, and the energy will appear sharply in an "electromagnetic pulse (EMP)" strikingly similar to the 2-pulsed EMP of a nuclear weapon. This type weapon is what actually caused the mysterious flashes off the southwest coast of Africa, picked up in 1979 and 1980 by Vela satellites. The second flash, e.g., was in the infrared only, with no visible spectrum. Nuclear flashes do not do that, and neither does superlightning, meteorite strikes, meteors, etc. In addition, one of the scientists at the Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory observed a gravitational wave disturbance -- signature of the truncated Fourier pattern and the time-squeezing effect of the Tesla potential wave -- traveling toward the vicinity of the explosion.

The pulse mode may be fed from either Moray generators or -- if the Moray generators have suffered their anomalous "all fail" malfunction -- ordinary explosive generators. Thus the Tesla howitzer can always function in the pulse mode, but it will be limited in power if the Moray generators fail. In the continuous mode, two continuous scalar waves are emitted -- one faster than the other -- and they pair-couple into vector energy at the region where they approach an in-phase condition. In this mode, the energy in the distant "ball" or geometric region would appear continuously and be sustained -- and this is Tesla's secret of wireless transmission of energy at a distance without any losses. It is also the secret of a "continuous fireball" weapon capable of destroying hundreds of aircraft or missiles at a distance. An example of a Soviet test of this mode of operation is shown in figure.

The volume of the Tesla fireball can be vastly expanded to yield a globe which will not vaporize physical vehicles but will deliver an EMP to them to dud their electronics. A test of this mode is shown in figure 12. (See also Gwynne Roberts, "Witness to a Super Weapon?", the London Sunday Times, 17 August 1980 for several other tests of this mode at Saryshagan, seen from Afghanistan by British TV cameraman and former War Correspondent Nick Downie.)

If the Moray generators fail anomalously, then a continuous mode limited in power and range could conceivably be sustained by powering the interferometer from more conventional power-sources such as advanced magnetohydrodynamic generators. Typical strategic ABM uses of Tesla weapons are shown in figure. In addition, of course, smaller Tesla howitzer systems for anti-tactical ballistic missile defense of tactical troops and installations could be constituted of more conventional field missile systems using paired or triplet radars, of conventional external appearance, in a scalar interferometer mode.

With Moray generators as power sources and multiply deployed reentry vehicles with scalar antennas and transmitters, ICBM reentry systems now can become long range "blasters" of the target areas, from thousands of kilometers distance. Literally, "Star Wars" is liberated by the Tesla technology. And in air attack, jammers and ECM aircraft now become "Tesla blasters." With the Tesla technology, emitters become primary fighting components of stunning power.

The potential peaceful implications of Tesla waves are also enormous. By utilizing the "time squeeze" effect, one can get antigravity, materialization and dematerialization, transmutation, and mindboggling medical benefits. One can also get subluminal and superluminal communication, see through the earth and through the ocean, etc. The new view of phi-field also provides a unified field theory, higher orders of reality, and a new super-relativity, but detailing these possibilities must wait for another book. With two cerebral brain halves, the human being also has a Tesla scalar interferometer between his ears. And since the brain and nervous system processes avalanche discharges, it can produce (and detect) scalar Tesla waves to at least a limited degree. Thus a human can sometimes produce anomalous spatiotemporal effects at a distance and through time. This provides an exact mechanism for psychokinesis, levitation, psychic healing, telepathy, precognition, postcognition, remote viewing, etc. It also provides a reason why an individual can detect a "stick" on a radionics or Hieronymus machine (which processes scalar waves), when ordinary detectors detect nothing. Unfortunately there is not room to develop the implications of this human Tesla interferometry in detail, for that must wait for yet another book, presently in its initial stages, that Hal Crawford and I are writing.

At the July 1981 U.S. Psychotronics Association's Annual Conference in Dayton, Ohio, I presented the first rough paper on the Tesla secret and scalar interferometry. A videotape of the presentation was made and will shortly be available. I am also scheduled to make a special presentation at the Alternate Energy Conference in Toronto, Canada in latter October, 1981. A professional, videotaped two-hour presentation on this subject is also being prepared. Wide distribution of the material through the international underground physics and technology network has already been made. This time, God willing, Tesla's secret will not be suppressed for another 80 years! And perhaps it is not yet too late. The material has cost me (now) some 16 years of agonizing labor and nearly $100,000 of my own personal funds. No orthodox university, scientific group, foundation, or governmental agency would support such an effort, either financially or otherwise. Indeed, most ordinary journals will not even accept material on such matters. Nonetheless, the area is of overwhelming importance and I truly believe Tesla's lost secret will shortly affect the lives of every human being on earth.

Perhaps with the free and open release of Tesla's secret, the scientific and governmental bureaucracies will be. shocked awake from their slumber, and we can develop defenses before Armageddon occurs. Perhaps there is hope after all -- for even Brezhnev, in his strange July, 1975 proposal to the SALT talks, seemed to reveal a perception that a turning point in war and weaponry may have been reached, and that human imagination is incapable of dealing with the ability to totally engineer reality itself. Having tested the weapons, the Soviets must be aware that the ill-provoked oscillation of timeflow affects the minds and thoughts -- and the very lifestreams and even the collective species unconsciousnesses -- of all lifeforms on earth. They must know that these weapons are two-edged swords, and that the backlash from their use can be far more terrible to the user than was the original effect to his victim. If we can avoid the Apocalypse, the fantastic secret of Nikola Tesla can be employed to cure and elevate man, not kill him. Tesla's discovery can eventually remove every conceivable external human limitation. If we humans ourselves can elevate our consciousness to properly utilize the Tesla electromagnetics, then Nikola Tesla -- who gave us the electrical twentieth century in the first place -- may yet give us a fantastic new future more shining and glorious than all the great scientists and sages have imagined.
teslaresearch.jimdo.com 

NIKOLA TESLA DEATH RAY

First International Symposium: on Non-Conventional Energy Technology (PACE, 1987)
Editorial note 1998: Please note this original article of 1981 has been slightly reedited without affecting the core.
© T. E. Bearden 1981
With Special Drawings by Hal Crawford

Before the turn of the century, Nikola Tesla had discovered and was utilizing a new type of electric wave. Tesla repeatedly stated his waves were non-Hertzian, and his wireless transmissions did not fall off as the square of the distance. His discovery was apparently so fundamental (and his intent to provide free energy to all humankind was so clear) that it was responsible for the withdrawal of his financial backing, his deliberate isolation, and the gradual removal of his name from the history books.

By 1914 or so, Tesla had been successfully isolated and was already nearly a "non-person." Thereafter Tesla lived in nearly total seclusion, occasionally surfacing (at his annual birthday party for members of the press) to announce the discovery of an enormous new source of free energy, the perfection of wireless transmission of energy without losses, fireball weapons to destroy whole armies and thousands of airplanes at hundreds of miles distance, and a weapon (the "Tesla Shield," I've dubbed it) that could provide an impenetrable defense and thus render war obsolete.

In my pursuit of Tesla's secret, it gradually became apparent to me that present orthodox electromagnetic theory is seriously flawed in some fundamental respects. One of these is in the definition and use of f the scalar electrostatic potential. It is this error which has hidden the long-sought unified field theory from the theorists.

In the theory of the scalar electrostatic potential (SEP), the idea is introduced of work accomplished on a charge brought in from a distance against the scalar field. The SEP is not a vector field, but is a scalar field. Indeed, scalar potential cannot of itself perform work on a charged mass; if it could do so, then tremendous force would exist on every mass due to the extremely high SEP of the vacuum itself. Only a differential of SEP .between two spatial points can produce force or accomplish work. (Rigorously, a differential of scalar potential between two spatial points constitutes a vector. Only a vector can produce force and do work.)

Also, work can only be done on a mass. Further, it takes time* (Two spatial points involve at least Dt = DL/c in time. All vectors and gradients involve 2 separated spatial points, and thus present timelines in 4-space. f4 is a point,, not a line, in 4 -space.) to move an electron or other charged mass between two spatial points, and so the work performed by a spatial differential of the f-field requires time. Rigorously, the delta SEP is voltage, not SEP per se, and is directly related to E field. The entire voltage concept depends on the work performed in moving a mass, after that mass has moved. The idea of "voltage" always implies the existence of a steady differential of f between two spatial points for a finite length of time, and it also involves the assumption of a flow of actual mass having occurred. SEP, on the one hand, is always a single-point function; on the other hand, difference in potential (i.e., V) is always a two point function, as is any vector.

Yet many graduate level physics and electromagnetics papers and texts erroneously confuse f and V in the static case! Such an interpretation is of course quite incorrect.

Another common assumption in present EM theory -- that the electrostatic potential (f0) of the normal vacuum is zero -has no legitimate basis. In fact, we know f0 is nonzero because the vacuum is filled with enormous amounts of fluctuating virtual state activity, including incredible charge fluctuations. And by virtue of its point definition, f0 must be the "instantanteous intensity" of these fluctuations -- but both in space and time. The scalar electrostatic potential is therefore the "instantaneous stress" on spacetime itself, and a measure of the intensity of the virtual state flux through a 4-dimensional spacetime point.

Potential theory was largely developed in the 1800's, before the theory of relativity. Time flowrate was then regarded as immutable. Accordingly, electrostatic "intensity" was chosen as "spatial intensity," with the connotation of "spatial flux density." This assumes a constant, immutable rate of flow of time, which need not be true at all if we believe relativity. Such a spatial "point" intensity is actually a "line" in 4-space, and not a 4-dimensional "point" at all. Thus the spatial potential -- f3 -- is a very special case of the real spacetime potential -- f4, or charge -- and electromagnetic theory today is accordingly a special case of the real 4-space electromagnetism that actually exists! Note also that charge is a 4-dimensional concept.

Now mass is a spatial, 3-dimensional concept. Rigorously, mass does not exist in time -- masstime exists in time. Mass and charge are thus of differing dimensionalities!

Also, according to quantum mechanics, the charge of a particle -- e.g., of an electron -- is due to the continual flux of virtual particles given off and absorbed by the observable particle of mass. Thus charge also is conceptually a measure of the virtual flux density, and directly related to f. Further, since the charge exists in time, it is the charge of a particle of spatial mass that gives it the property of masstime, or existing in time.

Here a great confusion and fundamental error has been thrown into the present EM theory by the equating of "charge" and "charged mass." As we have seen, the two things are really very different indeed.

To speak of a spatial "amount" of charge erroneously limits the basic EM theory to a fixed time flowrate condition (which of course it was considered to be, prior to Einstein's development of relativity). Thus when the limited present theory encounters a "relativistic" case (where the time flowrate changes), all sorts of extraordinary corrections must be introduced. The real problem, of course, is with the fundamental definitions of electrostatic potential and charge. The spatial "amount" of charge (i.e., the coulomb), as we presently erroneously use the term, is actually the spatial amount of observable "charged mass." To correct the theory, one must introduce the true 4-space SEP and separate the definitions of charge and charged mass.

Only when a mass is moved does one have work -- and voltage or vector fields. (The reason one has voltage and E field connected to a normal electrostatically charged object in the laboratory is because an excess of charged-particle masses are assembled on the object, and these masses are in violent motion! A true static charge would have no E field at all.)

Table 1. Some Present Theoretical Facts
f3-FIELD CONCEIVED BEFORE RELATIVITY
- POINT FUNCTION IN SPACE
- LINE FUNCTION IN SPACETIME
- TIME FLOWRATE CONSIDERED IMMUTABLE
- SPECIAL CASE OF f4,..... fN

GRADIENT BETWEEN TWO POINTS IN f3 FIELD
- PRODUCES VOLTAGE
- PRODUCES E FIELD
- MOVES ELECTRON
- IS AN AREA IN 4-SPACE

GRADIENT MAY BE BETWEEN SEPARATED POINTS
IN TWO SUPERPOSED f-FIELDS
f FIELD CAN "MOVE" AT INFINITE VELOCITY.
JACKSON, CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS, 2ND EDITION, P. 223

Table 2, Some Proposed f4 Characteristics
SPATIOTEMPORAL f4 FIELD
- STRESS ON SPACETIME
- CAN CHANGE RATE OF FLOW OF TIME

GRADIENT BETWEEN 2 POINTS IN f4 FIELD
-PRODUCES COMPLEX V4
-WILL MOVE ELECTRON IF
-- V3 ¹ 0, AND
-- v1 ¹ v2 = C
-WILL NOT MOVE ELECTRON IF
- V3 = 0. OR
-v1 ¹ v2

GRADIENT MAY BE BETWEEN SEPARATED POINTS IN TWO SUPERPOSED f4 FIELDS
f4 WAVE MOVES AT 0 £ v4 f £ ¥.
f4 WAVE IS COMPLEX AND LONGITUDINAL

f-field need not involve observable mass accumulation, but only charge (virtual flowrate intensity) accumulation. Accumulated masses are like so many gallons of water; accumulated charge is like so much pressure on both the water (space) and the time in which the water is existing. Now, if one varies the SEP solely as a point function, one would have a purely scalar complex longitudinal wave, and not a vector wave at all. This is the fundamentally new electrical wave that Tesla discovered in 1899.

Rigorously, all vector fields are two-point functions and thus decomposable into two scalar fields, as Whittaker showed in 1903. It follows that any vector wave can be decomposed into two scalar waves. By implication, therefore, a normal transverse EM vector wave, e.g., must simply be two coupled scalar (Tesla) waves -- and these scalars independently would be longitudinal if uncoupled. An ordinary transverse EM vector wave is thus two pair-coupled Tesla scalar longitudinal waves, and only a single special case of the much more fundamental electromagetics discovered by Nikola Tesla.

A Tesla (scalar potential) wave -- i.e., a massless wave in pure f0, the stress of the spacetime medium -- would have very strange characteristics indeed. For one thing, since it moves in a complex 4-space, it has many more modes of movement than does a simple wave in 3-space. And for another thing, it need not be bound at all by the speed of (vector) light. In current theory, one 13-field does not directly interact or couple with other existing f3-fields except by simple superposition. Therefore presently the f-field is considered to have no drag limitation at all, hence infinite velocity. (E.g., as stated in Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd edition, page 223.)

Actually, a f4-wave can and will interact with some of the other existing f4-waves in the medium transverses, and this interaction can involve pair-coupling into EM vector fields and waves, an interaction not presently in the electrodynamics theory. The result of scalar pair-coupling creates a finite amount of vector "drag" on the f4-wave, so it then has less than infinite velocity. However, if this drag is small due to limited pair-coupling, the scalar wave's velocity through the slightly dragging medium still may be far greater than the speed of vector EM waves (light) in vacuum. On the other hand, if the pair-coupling is made severe, the f-wave may move at a speed considerably below the speed of vector light waves in vacuum. The velocity of the f4-wave is thus both variable and controllable or adjustable (e.g., simply by varying its initial amplitude, which through a given medium changes the percentage of pair-coupling and hence the degree of drag on the scalar wave). The Tesla scalar wave thus can have either subluminal or superluminal velocity, in contradiction to present theory.

Note that the scalar wave also violates one of Einstein's fundamental postulates -- for the speed of our "new kind of light" wave is not limited to c, and need not be the same to every observer. Thus Tesla scalar waves lead to a new "superrelativity" of which the present Einstein relativity is only a highly special case!

Table 3, Tesla Waves Can:

ESTABLISH STANDING WANES
- in the earth
- in the ionosphere

TAP ENERGY FROM EARTH'S CORE
TRAVEL FASTER OR SLOWER THAN LIGHT
CHANCE RATE OF TIRE FLOW
AFFECT ALL FIELDS, INCLUDING GRAVITY
COMMUTE BETWEEN VIRTUAL AND OBSERVABLE

But let us now look for some subtle but real examples of scalar waves and scalar pair-coupling in nature. As is well known, a tectonic fault zone can provide anomalous lights, sounds, etc from stresses, piezoelectrical activity, and telluric currents in the earth and through the fault zone. In examining the fault zone phenomena, I finally realized that a fault zone was literally a scalar interferometer -- i.e., if one can have scalar f4-waves, they can interfere, either constructively or destructively. Their interference, however, produces scalar pair-coupling into vector EM waves. This coupling may be at a distance from the interferometer itself, and thus the interferometer can produce energy directly at a distance, without vector transmission through the intervening space. Coupling of f waves with the paired scalars comprising ordinary EM vector waves can also occur. If this triplex coupling forms additional EM vector waves 180 degrees out of phase, the ordinary EM wave is diminished or extinguished. If the scalar triplex coupling occurs so as to create vector EM waves in phase with the interacting vector EM wave, the amplitude of the ordinary vector wave is increased.

Scalar potential waves can thus augment or diminish, or create or destroy, ordinary EM waves at a distance by pair-coupling interference under appropriate conditions, and this is in consonance with the implications of Whittaker's fundamental 1903 work.
ALL VECTORS AND VECTOR FIELDS ARE CREATED BY SCALAR INTERFEROMETRY AND PAIR COUPLING
EN COUPLING CONDITION
DL/c = DT

An earthquake fault zone is such a scalar interferometer. Stresses and charge pileups exist in the plates on each side adjacent to the fault, with stress relief existing in the middle in the fault fracture itself. Since the rock is locally nonlinear, the mechanical stresses and electrical currents in it are also locally nonlinear. This results in the generation of multiple frequencies of f4-waves from each side of the fault interferometer, yielding two complex Fourier expansion patterns of scalar potential waves. On occasion these two Fourier-transformed scalar wave patterns couple at a distance to produce stable ordinary electromagnetic field in a 3-dimensional spatial pattern -- e.g., a stress light such as the Vestigia light covered in Part I of The Excalibur Briefing. Driven by the erratic two scalar Fourier expansion patterns of the scalar interferometer (whose input stresses normally slowly change), an erratic, darting, hovering "spooklight" of -the variety studied by Vestigia is produced.

As the stresses change in each side of the interferometer, the distant scalar coupling zone is affected. Thus the stresslight moves and its form changes, but it may be relatively stable in form for seconds or minutes. Since the stresses in the rock may be intense, the stress light may involve an intense pair of f-patterns coupling into the sphere or ball of vector EM energy. The atoms and molecules of the air in the region of the coupled stresslight ball thus become highly excited, giving off radiant energy as the excited states decay.

Since much of the piezoelectric material in the stressed rocks is quartz grains, the features of quartz are of particular interest. Each little quartz grain is itself highly stressed, and has stress cracks. It is therefore a little scalar interferometer. Further, quartz is transparent to infrared and ultraviolet; and the random orientation of all the quartz scalar interferometers may also form a Prigogine system far from thermodynamic equilibrium. If so, this system can tap into highly energetic microscopic electromagnetic fluctuations to produce large-scale, ordered, relatively stable patterns of electromagnetic energy at a distance.

In short, all of this lends support to the formation of relatively stable but somewhat erratic patterns of electromagnetic energy at a distance from the fault itself. In the atmosphere, such scalar interferometers could form in clouds or even in the air or between clouds and earth. If so, such rare but occasional "weather" scalar interferometers could account for the rare phenomenon of ball lightning. The intense energy of the ball of lightning, as compared to the lesser energy of an earthstress light, could well be due to the enormous electrical charges between clouds or between cloud and earth, available to fuel the scalar interferometer. Very probably it is this phenomenon which gave Tesla the clue to scalar wave interferometry.

Thus such phenomena as earthstress lights, ball lightning, and the Tesla system of wireless transmission of energy at a distance with negligible losses and at speeds exceeding the speed of light may be explained. They are complex, however, and involve fundamental changes to present electromagnetic theory. These changes include utilizing 4-space scalar electrostatic potentials, scalar waves, pair coupling, ordinary 3-dimensional Fourier expansion, the Prigogine effect, and the properties of piezoelectric materials in rocks.

Since the scalar potential also stresses time, it can change the rate of flow of time itself. Thus it affects anything which exists in time -- including the mind, both of the individual and at various levels of unconsciousness. Therefore the same functions that result in earthstress lights also affect mind and thought, and are in turn affected by mind and thought. This is the missing ingredient in Persinger's theory that UFO's are correlated with, and a result of, fault zones and earth stresses. While Persinger seems to feel this is a "normal physics" explanation, it indeed involves a paranormal explanation.

The time-stressing ability of the true f scalar wave also explains the interaction of such earthstress lights with humans and human intent, as noted by other researchers. (E.g., the lights that repeatedly seemed to react to the observers, as detailed by Dr. Harley Rutledge in his epoch-making Project Identification, Prentice-Hall, 1981.)

These ideas in condensed form comprise the concepts required to violate the speed of light and produce an ordinary electromagnetic field at a distance, using scalar interferometry, without losses -- as Tesla had done in his wireless transmission system which he had tested prior to 1900 and had perfected by the 1930's. Scalar interferometry can give stable regions of EM or "light energy" at a distance without losses, particularly as detailed in the beautiful Vestigia experiments, and it is within our grasp to utilize the new effects. Indeed, any stress crack in a material can result in the scalar potential interferometer effect. Exophoton and exoelectron emission -- poorly understood but already known in fatiguing of materials -- must be at least partly due to the scalar interferometer effect.

However, one additional caution should be advanced. Normal movement of electrons allows so much "sideplay" movement of the electrons -- and there is so much such sideplay electron motion in the surrounding vicinity -- that pair coupling is almost instantaneous for small waves. Thus orbital electrons in atoms seem to absorb and emit vector EM photons. Actually they also emit some percentage of scalar waves as well. Since a scalar wave is comprised exclusively of disturbance in the virtual state, it need not obey the conservation of energy law. Further, a scalar wave of itself does not "push electrons" or other charges; hence it is nearly Undetectable by present detectors. Ionization detectors such as a Geiger counter tube, e.g., are exceptions if the scalar wave encountered is fairly strong. In that case sufficient triplex coupling with the ionized gas occurs to produce additional ionization or charge, breaching the tube's cutoff threshold and producing a cascade discharge of electrons and voltage which is detected. But weak scalar waves are presently Undetectable by ordinary instruments. However, these small scalar waves are detectable by sensitive interferometry techniques -- e.g., such as an electron interferometer. Since the use of such instruments is quite rare, then indeed we have been living immersed in a sea of scalar waves without knowing it.

Finally, the percentage of scalar waves produced by changes in charged mass pileups can be increased by utilizing charged mass streaming. Essentially the charged masses must be moved suddenly, as quickly as possible, at or near the complete breakdown of the medium. For this reason, Tesla utilized sparkgaps in his early transmission systems, but also found that he could induce ionized media to "breakdown" in such fashion by a slow growth process. One of his early patented atmospheric wireless transmission systems is based on this fact. However, it was necessary to use a very high voltage, insuring extreme stress on the medium and hence some spillover stress onto time itself. In other words, f3 is always an approximation; at sufficiently high spatial stress, sufficient spillover ¢4 exists to give, Tesla scalar waves. For this reason, Tesla used very high voltages and extremely sharp discharges to give "streaming" of the charged masses and thus high percentages Of f4 waves. This suggests that the breakdown of dielectrics is a much richer phenomenon than is presently allowed for in the conventional theory.

To summarize, electrostatic potential -- f-field -- is stress on the spacetime medium at a four-dimensional point. I.e., it is a sort of pressure on the medium, but pressure on all four dimensions, not just on the three spatial dimensions. Thus in the new standard theory, f4 may have complex values. In addition, a f-wave is to be interpreted as a scalar longitudinal wave in complex spacetime -- directly in f0, the normal average 4-space stress itself. And charge and charged mass must be recognized as two separate concepts. This is the gist of what I finally recognized about Nikola Tesla' s work and fundamental discovery.

This is exciting, for it means that Tesla stress waves can affect either space or time individually, or both apace and time simultaneously, or even oscillate back and forth between primarily affecting time and primarily affecting space. Tesla's waves were actually these f-field scalar waves. As such, they were fundamentally different from ordinary electromagnetic waves, and had entirely different characteristics, Just as Tesla often stated. E.g., a Tesla wave can either move spatially, with time flowing linearly; move temporally only (sitting at a point and waxing and waning in magnitude -- but changing the rate of flow of time itself in doing so, and affecting gravitational field, fundamental constants of nature, etc.), or move in a combination of the two modes. In the latter case, the Tesla wave moves in space with a very strange motion -- it oscillates between (1) spatially standing still and flexing time, and (2) moving smoothly in space while time flows smoothly and evenly. I.e., It stands at one point (or at one columnar region), flexing for a moment; then slowly picks up spatial velocity ,until it is moving smoothly through space; then slows down again to a "standing column," etc. This is Tesla's fabulous "standing columnar wave."

Another wild characteristic of the Tesla wave is that it can affect the rate of flow of time itself; hence it can affect or change every other field -- including the gravitational field -- that exists in time flow. It can also affect all universal constants, the mass of an object, the inertia of a body, and the mind and thoughts as well! All of these exist in the flow of time, and they are affected ii the time stream in which they exist is affected. This was the awful secret that Tesla partially discovered by 1900, and which he came more and more to fully realize as he pursued its nature and its ramifications into the 1920's and 1930's,

Tesla also found he could set up standing f-field waves through the earth. He in fact intended to do so, for he had also discovered that all charges in the highly stressed earth regions in which such a standing wave existed produced f-fields which would feed (kindle) energy into the standing f-field wave by pair coupling. I.e., normal vector field energy would "assemble" onto the scalar matrix wave by means of pair-coupling. Thus by transmitting a scalar standing wave into the earth, he could easily tap the fiery scalar fields produced in the molten core of the planet itself, turning them into ordinary electromagnetic energy. In such case, a single generator would enable anyone to put up a simple antenna and extract all the free energy desired.

When Tesla's alarmed financial backers discovered this was his real intent, they considered him a dangerous madman and found it necessary to ruthlessly stop him at all costs. And so his financial support was withdrawn, he was harassed in his more subtle patent efforts (and the patents themselves were adulterated), and his name gradually was removed from all the electrical textbooks. By 1914 Tesla, who had been the greatest inventor and scientist in the world, had become essentially a nonperson.

A few other persons in the early 1900's also were aware that potential and voltage are different. And some of them even learned to utilize Tesla's f-field, even though they only vaguely understood they were utilizing a fundamentally different kind of electromagnetic wave. For example, James Harris Rogers patented an undersea and underground communications system which Tesla later confirmed utilized Tesla waves. The U. S. secretly used the Rogers communications system in World War I to communicate with U. S. submarines underwater, and to communicate through the earth to the American Expeditionary Force Headquarters in Europe. The Rogers system was declassified after the War -- and very shortly after that, it had mysteriously been scrubbed off the face of the earth. Again, potential stress waves -- Tesla waves -- were eliminated and "buried."

Probably the most brilliant inventor and researcher into Tesla's electromagnetics was T. Henry Moray of Salt Lake City, Utah. Dr. Moray actually succeeded in tapping the limitless zero-point energy of vacuum (spacetime) itself. By 1939, Dr. Moray's amplifier contained 29 stages and its output stage produced 50 kilowatts of power from vacuum. Interestingly, another 50 kilowatts could be tapped off any other stage in the device -- which consequently could have produced almost 1.5 megawatts of electrical power! Dr. Noray's epoch-making work was suppressed also. His device -- which represented over 20 years of heartbreaking accumulation of 29 working tubes from thousands made -- was destroyed in 1939..

In the 20's and 30's, Tesla announced the final perfection of his wireless transmission of energy without losses -- even to interplanetary distances. In several articles (e.g., H. Winfield Secor, "Tesla Maps Our Electrical Future," Science and Invention, Vol. XVII, No. 12, pp. 1077, 1124-1126), Tesla even revealed he used longitudinal stress waves in his wireless power transmission. Quoting from the article, "Tesla upholds the startling theory formulated by him long ago, that the radio transmitters as now used, do not emit Hertz waves, as commonly believed, but waves of sound." "He says that a Hertz wave would only be possible in a solid ether, but he has demonstrated already in 1897 that the ether is a gas, which can only transmit waves of sound; that is such as are propagated by alternate compressions and rarefactions of the medium in which transverse waves are absolutely impossible." The wily Tesla did not reveal, of course, that such scalar waves nearly always immediately pair-coupled into vector waves when produced by normal means. Tesla himself was working with longitudinal scalar waves.

In the 1930's Tesla announced other inventions, and his ultimate weapon to end all war -- the Tesla shield, which nothing could penetrate. However, by this time no one any longer paid any real attention to the forgotten great genius. Tesla died in 1943 without ever revealing the secret of -these great weapons and inventions.

The potential peaceful implications of Tesla waves are also enormous. By utilizing the "time squeeze" effect, one can get antigravity, materialization and dematerialization, transmutation, and mind boggling medical benefits. One can also get subluminal and superluminal communication, see through the earth and through the ocean, etc. The new view of 0-field also provides a unified field theory, higher orders of reality, and a new super-relativity, but detailing these possibilities must wait for another book.

With two cerebral brain halves, the human being also has a Tesla scalar interferometer between his ears. And since the brain and nervous system processes avalanche discharges, it can produce (and detect) scalar Tesla waves to at least a limited degree. Thus a human can sometimes produce anomalous spatiotemporal effects at a distance and through time. This provides an exact mechanism for psychokinesis, levitation, psychic healing, telepathy, precognition, postcognition, remote viewing, etc. It also provides a reason why an individual can detect a "stick" on a radionics or Hieronymus machine (which processes scalar waves), when ordinary detectors detect nothing. Unfortunately there is not room to develop the implications of this human Tesla interferometry in detail, for that must wait for yet another book, presently in its initial stages, that Hal Crawford and I are writing.

At the July 1981 U.S. Psychotronics Association's Annual Conference in Dayton, Ohio, I presented the first rough paper on the Tesla secret and scalar interferometry. A videotape of the presentation was made and will shortly be available. I am also scheduled to make a special presentation at the Alternate Energy Conference in Toronto, Canada in latter October, 1981. A professional, videotaped two-hour presentation on this subject is also being prepared. Wide distribution of the material through the international underground physics and technology network has already been made. This time, God willing, Tesla's secret will not be suppressed for another 80 years!

Table 5. Orders of Reality
PHOTONS ARE
- FAIR-COUPLED SCALARS
- VELOCITY-LIMITED TO C
- CARRIERS OF T

PHOTON INTERACTION
- IS UBIQUITOUS
- PRODUCES I = C
- YIELDS 1st ORDER REALITY

SCALAR O WAVES
- NOT VELOCITY-LIMITED

YIELD HIGHER ORDER REALITIES

And perhaps it is not yet too late. The material has cost me (now) some 16 years of agonizing labor and nearly $100,000 of my own personal funds. No orthodox university, scientific group, foundation, or governmental agency would support such an effort, either financially or otherwise. Indeed, most ordinary journals will not even accept material on such matters. Nonetheless, the area is of overwhelming importance -- and I truly believe Tesla's lost secret will shortly affect the lives of every human being on earth.

Perhaps with the free and open release of Tesla's secret, the scientific and governmental bureaucracies will be shocked awake from their slumber, and we can develop defenses before Armageddon occurs. Perhaps there is hope after all -- for even Brezhnev, in his strange July, 1975 proposal to the SALT talks, seemed to reveal a perception that a turning point in war and weaponry may have been reached, and that human imagination is incapable of dealing with the ability to totally engineer reality itself. Having tested the weapons, the Soviets must be aware that the ill-provoked oscillation of time flow affects the minds and thoughts -- and the very life streams and even the collective species unconsciousnesses -- of all lifeforms on earth. They must know that these weapons are two-edged swords, and that the backlash from their use can be far more terrible to the user than was the original effect to his victim.

If we can avoid the Apocalypse, the fantastic secret of Nikola Tesla can be employed to cure and elevate man, not kill him. Tesla's discovery can eventually remove every conceivable external human limitation. If we humans ourselves can elevate our consciousness to properly utilize the Tesla electromagnetics, then Nikola Tesla -- who gave us the electrical twentieth century in the first place -- may yet give us a fantastic new future more shining and glorious than all the great scientists and sages have imagined.

References
1. Whittaker, E. T., Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 1, 367 (1903).

2. Debye, P., Ann. Phys. (Leipz.) 30, 57 (1909).

3. Bromwich, T. J. I'A. Phil. Trans. A, 220, 175 (1920); also Phil. Hag., 38, 143 (1919).

4. Laporte, O. & Uhlenbeck, G. E., Phys. Rev. 37, 1380 (1931).

5. Nisbet, A. , Proc. R. Soc. London A 231, 250 (1955).

6. Essex, E. A., Am. Jour. Phys. 45, 1099 (1977).

7. Braunlich, P., Ed., Thermally Stimulated Relaxation in Solids. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979.

8. Ratzlaff, John. T., Dr. Nikola Tesla: Selected Patent Wrappers, Volumes I, II, III, & IV, Tesla Book Company, 1580 Magnolia Avenue, Millbrae, CA 94030, 1980.

9. Ratzlaff, John T. & Anderson, Leland I., Dr. Nikola Tesla Bibliography, Ragusan Press, 936 Industrial Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94303, 1979.

10. "Tesla - 85th Birthday," N. Y. Sun, July 11, 1941. (Tesla says he could build, within three months, a plant at a cost of $2 million that would melt the engines of an approaching aircraft at a distance of thousands of miles.)

11. "Tesla Promises to Light Dark Spot on Monn. It's Part of a Scheme of His for Interplanetary Radio; Distance Means Nothing. Has 4 New Inventions. Tells of Them on 81st Birthday; 2 Nations Honor Him," N. Y. Herald Tribune, July 11, 1937.

12. O'Neill, John J., "In the Realm of Science: Tesla, who predicted radio, now looks forward to sending waves to the Moon," N. Y. Herald Tribune, Aug. 22, 1937. (Inventor hopes to use energy-transmitting device to make spot glow on the lunar surface. Theory is traced to 18a7 experiments. His mechanism is to use vast natural forces, possibly cosmic rays.)

13. "Tesla, 80, Reveals New Power Device," N. T. Tomes, July 11, 1936, p. 13, colt 2. (Says his wireless system of power transmission will supply the earth with energy for industry.)

14. Sparling, Earl. "Nikola Tesla, at 79, Uses Earth to Transmit Signals; Expects to have $100,000,000 Within Two Years," N. Y. World-Telegram, July 11, 1935. (Inventor tells of 'quake' in his laboratory that brought police and ambulances during experiments with mechanical oscillator.)

15. "Tesla's Controlled Earth Quakes -- Power Through the Earth, A Startling Discovery," N. Y. American, July 11, 1935, Section 2. (Announces the successful passage of an induction current with a varying flux through a circuit without the use of a commutator. Cosmic ray studies indicate many tenets of theory of relativity to be fallacious. Possible to convey mechanical effects to any distance.)

16. "Tesla, 79, Promises to Transmit Force -- Transmission of Energy Over World," N. Y. Times, July 11, 1935, p. 23, colt 8. (Tesla has plans to send energy over the entire world. Measurement of cosmic rays said to be 50 times greater than the speed of light, demolishing the theory of relativity.)

17. Tesla, Nikola, "Expanding Sun Will Explode Some Day, Tesla Predicts," N. Y. Herald-Tribune, Aug. 18, 1935. (Present literature on cosmic rays is erroneous. Some cosmic rays reach speeds 50 times that of light. Sun will increase in mass and energy and will ultimately explode. Tesla's view is that the condensation of primary substance is going on continuously. Finds secret of cosmic rays in the positive electrical charge of the sun. Discusses radioactive emanations.)

18. "3 Tesla Inventions -- Famous Scientist Will Tell Them Tomorrow," N. Y. Sun, July 9, 1935. (One of the discoveries is a new way of transmitting energy, an entirely new principle, nothing like wireless. Also method of harnessing cosmic rays.)

19. Welshimer, Helen, "Dr. Tesla Visions the End of Aircraft in Ear," Every Week Magazine, Oct. 21, 1934, p. 3. (Claims to have created a new agent, which kills without a trace and yet pierces the thickest armor. Can destroy armies or aircraft.)

20. Tesla, Nikola. "Tesla on Power Development and Future Marvels," N. Y World Telegram, July 24, 1934. (Source of reference is Prodigal Genius by J. J. O'Neill, p. 241. Reply to articles of June 29, July 12, and July 13, 1934. Praises Westinghouse and Insul to create the power system he had barely suggested in 18g3. With regard to death ray effect, Tesla employs an agent in which intensity does not diminish with the square of the distance.)

21. Dunlap, Orrin E., Jr., "Tesla Sees Evidence That Radio and Light Are Sound, " N. Y. Times, Apr. 8, 1934, X, p. 9, Col. 1. (Tesla points to errors of the past, explains radio as he sees it at age 77. He expects television.) (Note: Sound is a longitudinal wave -- as is the Tesla wave. Hertzian waves are transverse waves, not longitudinal.)

22. Bird, Carol, "Tremendous New Power Soon to be Unleashed," Philadelphia Public Ledger, Sep. 10, 1933, Magazine Section, p. 6. (Revolutionary power project by Tesla, who is also completing process for thought photography.) (Note: Here we have a possible clue that the same principle may be used both in Tesla's energy device and in Tesla's approach to thought photography.)

23. "Tesla 'Harnesses' Cosmic Energy," Phila. Public Ledger, Nov. 2, 1933. (A principle has been discovered to derive cosmic energy which operates the universe. Power is "everywhere present in unlimited quantities." Will eliminate the need for coal, oil, gas, or any of the common fuels.) (Note: Has Tesla referring to what we today call "zero-point energy of vacuum"? His principle will tap it.)

24. Blakeslee, Howard A., "Discovery of Force to Surround Nations & Smash Attacker Claims of Aged Inventor - Nikola Tesla Makes Announcement on 75th Birthday -- Will Turn Plans Over to Geneva," Minneapolis Tribune, July 11, 1934. (Note: Here the inventor is referring to the "Tesla Shield.)

25. "Tesla, at 7B, Bares New" 'Death Beam"', N. Y. Times; July 11, 1934, p. 18, colt 1. (Invention powerful enough to destroy 10,000 airplanes at 250 miles away. Defense weapon only.)

26. Alsop, Joseph A., Jr., "Beam to Kill Army at 200 Miles Tesla's Claim on 78th Birthday," N. Y. Herald Tribune. July 11, 1934, pp. 1, 15. (Beam of force similar to death ray, involves four electrical devices. Can also be used in peacetime to transmit power over distances limited only by the curvature of the earth.) (Note: In this reference, we note that the Tesla death ray and the Tesla wireless transmission devices apparently use the same effect or basic principle. There appear to be four devices involved in an operational system.)

27. "A Giant Eye to See 'Round the World"', Albany Telegram, Feb. 25, 1933. (Based on the mechanism of the human eye. The first two parts of Tesla's invention have been completed. Will allow man to see any part of the earth.) (Note: Similarity of binocular vision to interferometry.)

28. Tesla, Nikola. "Pioneer Radio Engineer Gives Views on Power," N. Y. Herald Tribune Sept. 11, 1932. (Tesla says wireless waves are not electromagnetic, but sound in nature. Holds space is not curved.) (Note again that sound waves are longitudinal, as are Tesla's waves. Electromagnetic waves are transverse.)

29. "No High-Speed Limit, Says Tesla," Literary Digest, Nov. 7, 1931, p. 28. (Speeds greater than light, deemed impossible by the Einstein theory, have been accomplished. As early as 1900 Tesla showed that power from his transmitter passed over the earth at a speed of 292,830 miles per second.) (Note: As is well known, velocity represents the rotation of an object out of the normal 3-dimensional space toward a 4th dimensional direction. The speed of light, c, represents a full orthogonal turn. A normal electromagnetic wave, being transverse oscillatory, is a priori limited to a single orthogonal turn, for that is all it possesses. It thus moves at the speed c. A longitudinal scalar wave, on the other hand, need not be so limited at all.)

30. O'Neill, J. J. "Sun Emits Super Ray, Nikola Tesla Asserts," Brooklyn Eagle, Feb. 8, 1932, p. 4, colt 1. (Note: Logically, The sun should also emit scalar waves as well as transverse vector waves.)

31. O'Neill, J. J., "Tesla Cosmic Ray Motor May Transmit Power 'Round Earth"', Brooklyn Eagle, July 10, 1932, A, 1:4, pp. 1, 1,. (Efforts by Tesla to harness cosmic rays started 25 years ago, and he now announces success in operating a motive device by means of these rays. Hopes to build a motor on a large scale.)(Note: possibly implies that all these Tesla devices for the last 25 years have been dealing with the same basic principle.)

32. "Tesla, 76, Reports His Talents at Peak," N; Y. Times, July 10, 1932, p. 19, colt 1. (New invention in tapping tremendous and unused source of energy. One invention to permit generation of all kinds of rays of almost unlimited intensity.) (Note: By scalar interferometry, electromagnetic waves of any frequency -- and hence of any "type" -- can be assembled by coupling the appropriate scalars together. A Hertzian wave is just two coupled Tesla scalar waves.)

33. Tesla, Nikola, "Man's Greatest -Achievement," N. Y. American, July 6, 1930, p. 10. (Editorial Section). (';To create and annihilate material substance, cause it to aggregate in forms according to his desire...would place him beside his Creator and fulfill his ultimate destiny.") (Note: Here Tesla seems to be referring to controlled materialization and dematerialization of matter.)

34. Tesla, Nikola. "World System of Wireless Transmission of Energy," Telegraph & Telephone Age -- N. Y., Oct. 16, 1927, pp. 457-460. (Transmission of power without wires is not a theory, but "a fact demonstrated by Tesla." Mode of propagation of currents from transmitter has mean speed 57% greater than Hertz waves.) (Note: a faster than light, non-Hertzian type of wave is involved. The Tesla wave is not a normal Hertzian wave.)

35. Secor, H. Winfield, "The Rogers Underground Wireless," Electrical Experimenter, Mar., 1919, pp. 787-789, 832-835, 839. (Rogers system does away with aerial wires.)

36. Gernsback, Hugo, "Underground Wireless," Electrical Experimenter, Mar. 1919, p. 762. (Development of James H. Rogers. Receives messages from Europe during thunderstorm. Tesla agrees that messages are not Hertzian waves.)

37. Tesla, Nikola, "The True Wireless," Electrical Experimenter, May 1919, pp. 2B-30, 61-63, 87. (Tesla says Hertz wave theory is a delusion. Signals must be from earth currents. Note again that Tesla does not like Hertzian waves, but himself has something more fundamental.)

38. Tesla, Nikola. "The Effects of Statics on Electrical Transmission," Electrical Experimenter, Jan., 1919, pp. 627, 658. (Tells of defects in Hertz waves. System devised by Tesla releases energy at infinite velocity.)(Note: electrostatic potential is already known to be able to travel at infinite velocity. See Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Edition, 1975, p.223. This is strong evidence that Tesla used scalar potential waves or f-fields.)

39. Bottone, A., Nikola Tesla's New Wireless," Electrical Engineer, London, Dec. 24, 1909, p. 893. (Experiments conducted on Long Island have resulted in principles of transmission which are direct opposite of Bertzian wave transmission.)(Note: In other words, using uncoupled scalar waves -- Tesla waves -instead of pair-coupled scalar waves -- Bertzian waves?)

40. Tesla, Nikola. "Electrical Control of the Weather Will Soon Be an Accomplished Fact," St. Louis Republic, Nov. 15, 1908, V, p. 3 (Tesla concurs in concept of electrical control of weather.)

41. Swezy, Kenneth H., "Nikola Tesla," Science, May 16, 1958, pp. 1147-1158. (Electricity today is generated, transmitted, and converted to mechanical power by means of his inventions.)

42. Ramsay, Jack, "Cableless Power," Electronics (Digest), July 22, 1960, pp. 6, 8. (Soviet attempt at development of wireless power transmission, but a failure according to Swedish observers, and the idea having been bandied about in the U. S. since Tesla.) (Note: Establishes that the Soviets were at least trying to work with the Tesla techniques.)

43. Anderson, Leland I., "Correspondence: Sub-Surface Communications Systems," Proceedings of the I.R.E., Mar., 1961, p. 645. (Reference to subsurface or "earth current" communication systems. Pioneering work by Nikola Tesla and James H. Rogers.)

44. Rebert, Edwina, "Fireballs For Defense?", Christian Science Monitor, Feb. 7, 1962, p. 9c. (Feature article on possibility of using ball lightning as defense weapon -- may be inspired by early experiments of Tesla at Colorado Springs.)

45. Matsch, Lee and Rice, Warren, "Potential Flow Between Two Parallel Circular Disks with Partial Transmission," Journal of Applied Mechanics, Trans. ASHY, Mar., 1967, Vol. 34, Series E., No. 1, pp. 239-240. (Reference article -- bladeless turbines.)

46. Lagus, George W., "The Use of Ground in High-Frequency Circuits," Radio-TV Experimenter and Science and Electronics June-July, 1969, pp. 71, -72. (Tesla gave several demonstrations of feasibility of electrifying large areas of land by ground propagation of high frequency currents.)

47. Jamison, S. L., "Life Energy," Probe, The Unknown, June, 1973, pp. 3,4. (Letter to editor -- report that vitamins and minerals could be impressed on the body using a Tesla coil.)

48. Jueneman, F. B. J., "The First Law of Thermodynamics," Industrial Research, Feb., 1974, pp. 17-18. (Nikola Tesla, at Colorado Springs in 1899, found that the earth was a large electron sink, and electrical storms generated standing wave potentials.)

49. Puharich, Andrija, "The Work of Nikola Tesla Ca. 1900 and its Relationship to Physics, Bioenergy and Healing," paper read at the International Inter-disciplinary Conference on Consciousness and Healing, Oct. 13, 1976, University of Toronto.)

50. Golka, Robert K. and Bass, Robert W., "Tesla's Ball Lightning Theory, a BKG-Wave, The Ransworth Effect, and the 'Hydrotron' Electrostatic-Inertial Self-Confined Plasmoid Concept." (Paper presented at the Annual Controlled Fusion Theory Conference, San Diego, California, May 4-6, 1977.)

51. Popovic, Prof. Vojin, "Research of Nikola Tesla in the Light of His Diary From Colorado Springs," 10 pp. (Diary contains details of investigations for determining nodal points in the earth as a conductor of waves. Comments on "fire globes.")

52. Curtis, George D., PhD, "An Electromagnetic Radiation Pattern Over the Ocean," Undersea Technology, Vol. 5, no. 8, August 1964. Curtis reports the presence of a perviously unknown weak electromagnetic radiation pattern over the ocean. When all known effects are accounted for, the anomalous pattern still remains.

53. Santilli, R. M., "Parsons and Gravitation: Some Puzzling Questions," Annals of Physics, Vol. 83, No. 1, March 1974, pp. 108-157. In this paper Santilli proved that one of the cornerstone assumptions of physics -- that electric field and gravitation are separate things -- is false. One is therefore left with only two alternatives: either they are totally the same thing, or they are partially the same thing. (Comment: Note that the f4 Tesla potential provides the unifying connection.)

54. Science News, Vol. 113, No. 1, January 7, 1978, p. 3. A photograph by T. Kuribayashi of the earthquake lights involved in the Matsushiro earthquake swarm (1965-1967). This is the only known photo of earthquake lights.

55. Wiedemann, C. Louis, "Results of the N.J. 'Spook Light' Study," Vestigia Newsletter, Vestigia, RD 2, Brookwood Rd., Stanhope, NJ 07874, May 1977, pp. 1-3. This article describes an ongoing Vestigia experiment in which a nocturnal light or "mystery light" was scientifically photographed in conjunction with visual sightings and instrumental recordings of data. Various later issues of the Vestigia Newsletter contain other update articles on the phenomenon.

56. Moray, T. Henry, The Sea of Energy, fifth edition, History and Biography by John t. Moray, Foreword by Tom Bearden; Cosray Research Institute, 2505 South 4th East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84115, 1978. In addition to his free-energy device, Moray also built a special radio which he used to clearly listen to Admiral Byrd at the South Pole. No static was experienced on Moray's radio, showing he was not using ordinary electromagnetics. In addition, he built a device which he could tune to listen to persons several miles distant, so that their voices sounded as if they were immediately nearby. Both these devices were demonstrated to a visiting Russian Colonel/PhD.

57. I. Procaccia, J. Ross, Science, 198, 716 (18 Nov 1977). Describes Prigogine's Nobel Prize-winning work on thermodynamics of nonlinear systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Prigogine's work shows that such a system can indeed demonstrate negentropy. Out of unrestrained disorder can and does arise order, contrary to the old thermodynamics.

58. "Persinger's 'Earthquake Lights' ...Ho-Hum," Frontiers of Science, Vol. III, No. 3, March-April 1981, p. 1-5-16, Gives cogent and "fatal" objections to Persinger's "earthquake light" scheme for explaining UFO's. Mentions Dr. Brian Brady's experiments obtaining fast, short electrical lights or sparks from crushing quartz-bearing granite cylinders. (Comment: Brady's experiments are certainly repeatable, so it is true that "earthstress lights" can be produced at a distance, although the piezoelectric effect alone in no way explains the production of the phenomena outside the piezoelectric crystal. The fact that UFO's occurring near a fault zone are not necessarily repeatable simply means that at least one other major factor must be involved in the production of UFOs than is involved in the production of earthstress lights. UFOs may sometimes involve scalar interferometry from a fault zone, but other causative factors must also be involved. Earthstress lights, on the other hand, need have no additional causative factors than what lies in the earth itself.)

59. Jackson, John David, Classical Electrodynamics, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975, p. 223.

60. Roberts, Gwynne, "Witness to a Super Weapon?", The Sunday Times, London, 17 August, 1980. Article deals with a strange semicircular phenomenon seen inside the Soviet Union from Afghanistan in September, 1979 by Nick Downie, a former member of the SAS who has established a considerable reputation as a war cameraman. Downie saw the phenomenon twice, and later met an Afghan who had seen it several months before. A possibly related phenomenon is reported in Brackenbridge, M., "Unidentified Phenomenon," Marine Observer, 48: 21-22, 1978. Note the first 'nuclear flash" was detected by Vela satellite on September 22, 1979 - close in time to Downie's sightings.

61. Bearden, Tom and Crawford, Hal, "Possible Soviet Test of a Tesla Weapon," Specula, Journal of the A.A.M.S., Vol. 3, No. 2, April-June 1980, p. 29. See also Specula 3, 2, 30-32 by Bearden and Crawford. These reports are from CIA reports released under the Freedom of Information Act.

62. Bearden, Thomas E., The Excalibur Briefing, Strawberry Hill Press, San Francisco, 1980.

63. Muldrew, D. B., "Generation of Long-Delay Echoes," Journal of Geophysical Research, 84: 5199-5215, 1979. For anomalous long delays of electromagnetic signals in the atmosphere, Muldrew favors a rather complex interaction between signals from separate transmitters that (theoretically at least) can create a long-lived electrostatic wave that travels in the ionosphere -- a sort of natural memory device. The coded signals could then be read out much later when the proper natural conditions developed. Delays of up to 40 seconds might be possible with this "ionospheric memory."

64. Zhugzhda, Yu. D., Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, "Magnetogravitational Waves in a Conducting Isothermic Atmosphere," Moscow ASTRONOMICHESKIY ZHUGZHDA, Vol. 56, No. 1, 1979, pp. 74-83. Among other things, the paper indicates the possibility of transforming longitudinal waves into transverse waves in the region of a strong magnetic field.

65. Ranada, Antonio and Vazquez, Luis, "Kinks and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle," Physical Review D, Vol. 19, No. 2, 15 January 1979, pp. 493-495. Shows that the velocity and position of the center of a kink, soliton, or solitary wave can be known with arbitrary precision, in violation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. (Comment: A Fourier-transformed scalar Tesla wave pattern is either a soliton or closely related to it.)

66. Don Moser, Photographs by Blair Pitters, "Big Thicket of Texas, National Geographic, Vol. 146, No. 4, October 1974, pp. 504-529. The author photographed a "ghost light" or nocturnal spooklite -- i.e., an earthstress light. The photo is shown in the article.

67. Gehring, Gillian, "Actinide magnetism: an extraordinary tale," Nature, Vol. 279, 3 May 1979, pp. 16-18. Anomalous magnetic properties -- including spin orbit coupling as a large effect -- are exhibited by actinide intermetallics containing uranium. Present theory cannot explain these effects.

68. Gintsburg, M. A., Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, the Ionosphere, and Radio-Wave Propagation, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Astron. Zh. 51: 218-221, Jan-Feb 1974, English translation in Sov. Astron., Vol. 18, No. 1, July-August 1974, pp. 128-130. Among other things, the article points out that thus far a Fourier analysis in mass electrodynamics has not been made. One property characteristic of mass electrodynamics is the existence of longitudinal electromagnetic waves in vacuo, i.e., longitudinal photons. They have not yet been discovered but theoretically they are entirely possible.

69. Burman, R., "A Photon rest mass and the propagation of longitudinal electric waves in interstellar and intergalactic space," J. Phys. A: Math. Nucl. Gen., Vol. 6, March 1973, pp. 434-444. This paper on longitudinal electric waves in plasma may be very important. Weber may be detecting longitudinal electric waves. Proca waves can go faster or slower than c.

70. Klass, Philip J., "Anti-Satellite Laser Use Suspected," Aviation Week & Aerospace Technology, December 8, 1975, pp. 12-13. Some details on the "laser blinding" of U. S. satellites by the Soviets. On one occasion, the satellite was blinded for 4 hours. (Comment: difficult to explain with current laser technology, but simple to explain with Tesla scalar interferometry.)

71. "Soviets Build Directed-Energy Weapon," Aviation Week & Space Technology, July 28, 1980, pp. 57-50. Presents a background summary in Soviet particle beam weapon work, particularly the device being constructed at Saryshagan.

72. "Scientists Fail to Solve Vela Mystery," Science, Vol. 207, 1 February 1980, pp. 504-506. See also article in Science, 30 November, 1979.

73. "Satellite Evidence Shows 'Possibility' of Nuclear Test, DOD Says," Aerospace Daily, October 29, 1979, p. 286.

74. "A Flash of Light," Newsweek, November 5, 1979, pp. 64-65.

75. "Was It a Nuclear Device?", Newsweek, July 21, 1980, p. 19.

76. "A Nuclear Blast -- or 'Zoo Animals'?", Newsweek, April 7, 1980, p. 21.

77. "Diverging Views,"- Washington Roundup, Aviation Week & Space Technology, July 21, 1980, p. 15.

78. Klass, Philip J., "Clandestine Nuclear Test Doubted," Aviation Week & Space Technology, August 11, 1980, pp. 67, 69, 71-72.

79. "Debate Continues on the Bomb That Hasn't," Science, Vol. 209, 1 August 1980, pp. 572-573.

80. "Navy Lab Concludes the Vela Saw a Bomb," Science, Vol. 209, 29 August, 1980, pp. 996-997.

81. Bloch, Ingram and Crater, Horace; "Lorentz-invariant potentials and the nonrelativistic limit," Am. J. Phys. 49(1), Jan. 1981, pp. 67-75. Among other things, this interesting paper points out some decidedly unusual and unfamiliar influences of the size of the scalar potential upon what is considered nonrelativistic behavior. For scalar potential energy of appreciable size relative to a particle's rest energy, ordinary Newtonian mechanics and the Schrödinger equation may be inadequate, even if v/c is small.

82. Semon, Mark D. and Schmieg, Glenn M., "Note on the analogy between inertial and electromagnetic forces," Am. J. Phys. 49(7), July 1981, pp. 689-690. Compares physical forces in a rotating frame with electromagnetic forces in a Newtonian frame. The transverse mechanical force in a rotating frame is directly analogous to, and behaves exactly like, the force associated with an induced ELF in a Newtonian frame.

83. Harlacher, Von Wolfgang M., "Bomber aus dem Hyperraum," Esotera, 4 April 1979, pp. 359-365.

Acknowledgements
I am much indebted to Mr. Carey Briggs for furnishing references which strongly support the existence of scalar potential waves and scalar interferometry. Among those papers are Whittaker (1903), Nisbet (1955), and other papers dealing with Hertzian potential theory. As ever, my profound gratitude as due Hal Crawford for his splendid illustrations which accompany this paper. I am also indebted to John Ratzlaff and the Tesla Book Company for graciously furnishing important Tesla references for me to analyze. My sincere thanks go to Messrs. Jim Beal and Williard Van de Bogart for furnishing important references on exoelectron emission and tectonic fault zones, and to Dr. Robert Beck for furnishing important material on the Rogers underground and undersea transmission system. Additional assistance was also received from Mr. Peter Kelly, Joe Siegeldorf, Joe Gambill, and Bob Beutlich. I am also very appreciative of the information furnished by Bob Jones and Vestigia on the beautiful Vestigia mystery light experiments.

Tko je zapravo bio Stephen Hawking?
Jedna od vodećih prijevara svijeta na koju su nasjeli mnogi ljudi točnije svi oni koji vjeruju u “službenu” NASA-inu verziju stvaranja svijeta i svemira. Iako je tu prijevaru otkrio sam BBC-u iako je u njemu riječ o skandaloznim zviždačkim tvrdnjama koje dolaze iz visokog kruga elitne znanosti, točnije kruga znanstvenika jednog od kako kažu “najpametnijih” ljudi na svijetu Stephana Hawkinga koji poslije Einsteina navodno održava teoriju heliocentrizma (Zemlja se vrti oko Sunca) i teoriju nepostojanja Boga, a u koju odavno niti sam Hawking više ne vjeruje. Kažemo navodno jer prema tvrdnjama ovog čovjeka, u pitanju je velika laž i prijevara, te mučenje i zlostavljanje Stephena Hawkinga samo kako vi ne bi saznali mučnu istinu! Naime BBC je vlasnik preko stotinu kontroverznih intervjua sa zviždačima na polju znanosti i fizike koji argumentirano zvižde iz “Royal Society of Physics i Darwinsim” koji je pod pokroviteljstvom NASA-e. U intervjuu kojeg vam donosimo nalazi se veliko otkrivanje jednog od članova tima zaduženog za praćenje jednog od najistaknutijih stručnjaka na području teorijske fizike Stephena Hawkinga. Naime, svi misle kako je Stephen Hawking britanski fizičar koji je u mladosti obolio od amiotrofične lateralne skleroze, da je u potpunosti nepokretan i da ne može govoriti, no ovaj zviždač tvrdi drugačije. “On nije bolestan, njega drogiraju i muče a NASA-ni znanstvenici stoje iza svega što se plasira svijetu pod imenom Stephan Hawking”. Naime Hawking je znanstvenik koji je u svoj znanstveni put zapečatio put i teoriji Darwinizma kao i teoriji heliocentrizma. No, u svom radu i sam je naišao na dokaze, baš kao pravi znanstvenik da možda nije sve tako kako je u početku mislio. Naišao je na dokaze koji pobijaju teoriju evolucije kao i teoriju stvaranja svemira, te stvaranja sučevog sustava. I kada je želio svoja otkića otkriti svijetu obolio je naglo, po službenoj verziji, od gore navedene bolesti. No, to baš nije tako. Prema riječima člana iz tima Stephena Hawkinga, on uopće nije bolestan već je drogiran i manipuliran od strane svjetske vrhuške i NASA-e kojoj je u interesu da se istina nikada ne sazna i to je jasno rečeno za BBC. Zviždač se nalazi iza “glasa” Stephena Hawkinga, a bio je zadužen i za pisanje tekstova i knjiga koje formalno izlaze pod imenom ovog znanstvenika, iako on ne može govoriti. Njegova funkcija je takozvani “keyborder”, a BBC-u je otkrio mračnu tajnu zbog kojeg vam se cijeli svijet može okrenuti naopačke. On je rekao kako je Hawking paraliziran zbog droga koju mu daju. Opisivao je načine na koje ga drogiraju, ali i to kako NASA-a plasira tekstove koji nisu riječi, niti djelo Stephena Hawkinga kako bi svoju laž održavali živom. On je sam bio zaslužan za prepisivanje tekstova, izjava koje navodno iznosi Hawking. Kako kaže, tu nema puno pitanja. Oni dođu, kažu što da radimo, i mi to učinimo. On nije jedini. Iza Hawkinga je cijeli tim koji doslovce izmišljaju stvari koje se potpisuju njegovim imenom. A što se tiče simulatora glasa kojim navodno Hawking mislima piše knjige i komunicira rekao je da je to sve laž. Sve je napisano i uneseno u softwer prije, a iza svake izjave koja izađe u javnost stoji vrhuška NASA-e, a ne Hawking. Ono što je najtužnije od svega, kako govori zviždač, Stephen Hawking, kada se oporavi od lijekova koje mu daju pokušava ustati/hodati, a on ga je uhvatio i kako hoda. Isto tako jednom dok je on bio prisutan Hawking je počeo vikati: “Pustite me doma, hoću doma!” Nakon toga slijedi nova doza injekcije koja ga drži u tom pokornom stanju. Svi mu se ismijavaju a Hawkinga je njegov tim prozvao nadimkom “psić” upravo zbog njegove nemoći da se odupre vrhuški koja ga kontrolira i dresira po njihovoj volji. Zviždač je napomenuo kako od lijekova koje mu daju Hawking trpi i velike boli, ali da se nerijetko svi s njim ismijavaju i fizički ga maltretiraju. Zviždač je isto tako sam potvrdio da se to Hawkingu čini jer je kao mladi znanstvenik na Oxfordu uspio demantirati sam sebe te je shvatio da sve što je rekao o stvaranju svemira zapravo laž! I kako ne bi jedan od najpametnijih ljudi priznao da nije tako kako NASA želi da mislite, i kako ne bi svijetu priznao da Boga ipak ima drže ga umrtvljenog, a pod njegovim imenom nastavljaju plasirati laži poput heliocentrizma teorije koja se urušava sama od sebe i nikada nije znanstveno dokazana kao i ateizma. Istina je zapravo da se ne zna točno što nam Hawking želi reči jer ga, kako se čini drže paraliziranim godinama mračni depopulisti koji caruju, kako njegovim životom, tako i svim ljudima svijeta. Zapravo, Hawking je žrtva velike prijevare i velikih ubojica ljudskoga roda.

Hawkingov slučaj je vrlo sličan projektu MKULTRA
Projekt MKULTRA, ili samo MK-ULTRA, je bila tajna šifra za nezakonitu, prikrivenu operaciju u režiji CIA-e kojom su se vodili pokusi nad ljudima. Pokuse je izvodio ured za znanstveno istraživanje. Program je započeo početkom 1950-ih, a trajao je barem do kasnih 1960-ih, te je koristio američke i kanadske državljane kao “pokusne kuniće”. Dosad objavljeni dokumenti upućuju na to da su se ti pokusi sastojali od pokušaja upravljanja mentalnim stanjima ljudi i mijenjanja funkcija mozga putem droga i ostalih kemikalija, hipnoze, deprivacije osjetila, izolacije, verbalnog i seksualnog zlostavljanja te različitih oblika mučenja. Projekt MKULTRA je prvi put zadobio pažnju svjetske javnosti 1975. putem Kongresa SAD-a nakon istraživanja povjerenstva Church i Rockefeller o nezakonitim radnjama CIA-e i FBI-a. Istraživanje je otežano nakon što je 1973. ravnatelj CIA-e, Richard Helms, naredio da se svi dokumenti o MKULTRI unište; povjerenstvo Church i Rockefeller stoga se moralo osloniti na izjave svjedoka koji su sujedlovali u MKULTRI i dokumentima koji su preživjeli uništavanje podataka.

No, što to NASA čuva?
Heliocentrizam je teorija koja dolazi iz poganskog Babilona i babilonske astronomije. Održavanje ove poganske teorije po kojoj je Sunce u središtu svemira je zapravo teorija koja podržava obožavanje kulta Sunca najjednostavnije rečeno, a drugim riječima riječ je o luciferijasntvu koje su preko Darwina, Einsteina (oboje hazarski židovi) i drugih progurali u sve udžbenike svijeta kao službenu verziju stvaranja svijeta i svemira i čovjeka, a koja se kosi sa Biblijskim Postankom po kojemu je Zemlja, kao i čovjek u središtu svemira. Ono što se želi sakriti je ta teorija geocentrizma koju je otkrio i sam Hawking, jedan od najvećih ateista današnjice, pa su ga “umrtvili” kako njegovo otkiće ne bi došlo do šire javnosti. NASA kao prava zmija istinu skriva, istinu po kojoj čovjek nije samo nevažna prašina u svemiru, već ono SVE oko čega, i zbog čega je sve stvoreno. Kada bi ljudi shvatili koja je prijevara zaista u pitanju, i koliko nas manipuliraju, nastao bi opći kaos, no ne boje se oni kaosa, oni ga stvaraju. Teorija geoncentrizma namjerno je je skrivena jer ona je apsolutni pokazatelj Božjeg stvaranja, ali i važnosti čovjeka što svjetskoj vrhuški nikako ne odgovara. Njima odgovara da ljudi, mase, vjeruju kako Boga nema, da vjeruju u “slučajnost” njihova postojanja i samim time da sami sebe uvjeravaju svoju nebitnost kao i u nebitnost svojih postupaka što posljedično vodi do straha, beznađa, kaosa i rasplamsavanja grijeha u kojemu trenutno živimo. Veliku laž koju plasira NASA svijetu zapravo su objavili na vlastitom logotipu i to u obliku zmijskog lažljivog jezika preko planete Zemlje je upravo to, naš postanak i postanak svijeta koji su u potpunosti izmjenili i lažirali najveća je prijevara svih vremena!

NASA i nacističko podrijetlo
Wernher von Braun, njemački barun i znanstvenik koji je ranije sudjelovao u nacističkom raketnom programu, postao je NASA-in zaposlenik. Dapače, u NASA-i je dobio visoku funkciju – postao je prvi direktor najvećeg NASA-inog svemirskog istraživačkog centra, smještenog pokraj grada Huntsvillea u Alabami. Wernher von Braun, njemački barun i znanstvenik koji je ranije sudjelovao u nacističkom raketnom programu, bio je nakon Drugog svjetskog rata u službi američke vojske. Budući da je na današnji dan raketni program na kojem je radio prebačen u civilnu sferu NASA-e, i Wernher von Braun postao je NASA-in zaposlenik. Dapače, u novom sustavu imao je visoku funkciju – postao je prvi direktor najvećeg NASA-inog svemirskog centra zvanog „Marshall Space Flight Center“ (MSFC). Ta važna institucija, smještena pokraj grada Huntsvillea u Alabami, vodila je razvoj poznatih raketa Saturn kojima su ljudi lansirani na Mjesec.
www.novi-svjetski-poredak.com

Pravda za sve: Geotermalni izvori u Babinoj Gredi tapkaju u mjestu
Nedavno sam nekoliko puta telefonom razgovarao s poduzetnim načelnikom Općine Babina Greda Josipom Krnićem o potencijalu geotermalnog izvorišta samo kilometar udaljenog od središta tog mjesta. Kaže da ima zainteresiranih i stranih i domaćih investitora, no posljednjih nekoliko godina nikako ne može pokrenuti taj projekt jer u Vladi do sada nisu poduzeli potrebne korake. Naime, 47 hektara zemljišta na kojem su geotermalni izvori u vlasništvu je države, a da bi se olakšalo investiranje, investitori bi željeli da ne moraju kucati i na vrata ministarstava jer žele skratiti nepotrebne procedure. Te je izvore još prije otkrila Ina kad je tražila naftu na tom području. Općina Babina Greda i Vukovarsko- srijemska županija shvatile su potencijal tog resursa, pa su prije pet godina zajednički osnovale tvrtku Geotermalni izvori sa sjedištem u Babinoj Gredi. Procjena je da bi se od koncesije moglo dobiti sedam milijuna kuna na godinu, s tim da bi polovina pripala Babinoj Gredi, a po četvrtina županiji i državi. Što bi to značilo za Babinu Gredu, možda govori i podatak da je godišnji proračun te općine oko tri milijuna kuna. Dodatna istraživanja Načelnik Krnić vjeruje da bi se mogle privući investicije vrijedne više od 300 milijuna eura za proizvodnju energije, prema Krniću upola jeftinije od plina, hrane (staklenička proizvodnja), za uzgoj jegulja i slatkovodnog soma te za lječilište, pa čak postoje i investitori koji bi na dijelu tih izvora gradili lječilište za konje. Iako još nije definitivno utvrđeno, na površini je dobiven dotok geotermalne vode niskog saliniteta s maksimalno dosegnutom temperaturom na površini od 92 Celzijeva stupnja. Na dubini od dvije tisuće metara izmjerena je temperatura od 121,1 Celzijev stupanj, što znači da bi dnevna proizvodnja termalne vode odgovarala dnevnoj proizvodnji oko 300 megavata struje. Pretpostavlja se da su ti izvori kvalitetniji od poznatih zagorskih lječilišta te da je izdašnost bušotine 200 prostornih metara vode u satu. U suradnji s Rudarsko-geološko-naftnim fakultetom u Zagrebu i stručnjacima iz Ine, kako je navedeno na web-stranici tvrtke Geotermalni izvori, utvrđeno je da postojeći podaci čine dobru osnovu, ali da nisu dostatni za početak eksploatacije pa je nužno provesti dodatna istraživanja, odnosno potrebno je utvrditi točan kemijski sastav vode i paleontološka svojstva kako bi se precizirala buduća namjena izvorišta. Apel ministru Osim toga, potrebno je izraditi i projekt ekonomske isplativosti, utvrditi točne rezerve geotermalne vode te obaviti sve pripreme za dolazak investitora. No sve to tapka u mjestu jer država do sada nije pokazala preveliku zainteresiranost za taj projekt. Načelnik Krnić to je pokušavao riješiti još za Milanovićeve vlade, pa iako je i sam SDP-ovac, nije mu uspjelo uvjeriti ‘svoje’ ministre da je to i za državu dobra prilika ako vlasništvo nad zemljištem prenesu na Općinu Babina Greda. Ista se priča nastavila i s Oreškovićevom i sada s Plenkovićevom vladom, s tim što je aktualna vlada formirala Ministarstvo državne imovine na čijem je čelu Goran Marić. Bilo bi dobro da u Marićevu ministarstvu razmotre prijedlog načelnika Babine Grede, pogotovo zbog aktualnog iseljavanja stanovništva, poglavito iz Slavonije. Trenutačno od te zemlje nitko nema koristi, a ako bi se pokrenuli projekti, svi bi profitirali, od lokalnog stanovništva do općine, županije i države. Zato apeliramo na ministra Gorana Marića da sjedne s načelnikom Krnićem i predstavnicima Vukovarsko- srijemske županije te da ponude rješenje nakon pet godina čekanja. Pitao sam Ministarstvo državne imovine može li se što učiniti u vezi s prijenosom zemljišta u Babinoj Gredi. Nazvala me jedna gospođa (ime i prezime poznato redakciji) i neslužbeno mi rekla da je problem do Babine Grede i Vukovarsko-srijemske županije, koje moraju izmijeniti urbanistički plan. Zamolio sam je da mi to pošalju mejlom, no nisu, samo su naveli da se obratim Općini Babina Greda. U međuvremenu mi je načelnik Krnić rekao da je davno donesen prostorni plan iz kojeg je vidljivo za što je namijenjena zona i koji potencijal ima, kao i to da je taj projekt kao treći prema vrijednosti ‘ušao u projekt Slavonija’. Prenio sam to Ministarstvu, ali ništa nije odgovoreno.
lider.media

Rusija napravila sistem za kontrolu zračenja u Zemljinoj orbiti
Rusija je napravila sistem za kontrolu radijacije u kosmičkom prostoru oko Zemlje i spremna je da podijeli dobivene podatke sa Europom, priopćio je direktor Znanstvenog-istraživačkog instituta za nuklearnu fiziku „D. V. Skobeljcin“ Mihail Panasjuk. „Rusija je stvorila sistem za kontrolu radijacije u kosmičkom prostoru oko Zemlje na različitim orbitama od niskih do geostacionarnih. Ovo je veliko poostignuće“, izjavio je Panasjuk. Prema njegovim riječima, kako bi došli do toga, postavili su dozimetre zračenja na ruske svemirske letjelice koje se nalaze na raznim orbitama, na primjer na niskoorbitalne „Meteore M“, srednjeorbitalne „Glonase“ i geostacionarne „Elektro L“. Ruski znanstvenici su spremni da podijele ove informacije sa europskim kolegama, sa kojima imaju potpisan sporazum o suradnji. U Europi, u okviru projekta CRREAT, koji je pokrenula Europska unija, u tijeku je rad na proučavanju efekata kosmičkog zračenja na živu i neživu materiju, kao i na Zemljinu atmosferu. Planeta Zemlja ima dva pojasa zračenja — na visini od četiri tisuće i 17 tisuća kilometara. Oni štite Zemlju od teških naelektriziranih čestica koje doalze od Sunca i galaksije.
rs-lat.sputniknews.com

What HAS Russia spotted in Earth's upper atmosphere?
Scientists say satellite detected unexplained 'explosions of light' in cloud-free skies. A Russian satellite designed to monitor the atmosphere for high-energy cosmic rays has detected mysterious ‘explosions’ of light miles above Earth’s surface, Russian scientists say. While numerous examples of unusual space weather phenomena have been spotted in the upper atmosphere before, the team operating the Lomonosov satellite say what they’ve found may be something entirely new. Despite the occurrence of several powerful bursts, Russian scientists say there were no signs of storms in the area, according to Sputnik. The satellite, named after scientist Mikhail Lomonosov, launched in 2016 and is integrated with the Kanopus-B spacecraft. Its goal is to study high-energy cosmic rays, including gamma rays, magnetospheric particles, and transient light phenomena in the upper atmosphere. And, the scientists now say it’s spotted something odd. ‘With the help of the telescope, we have obtained even more important results than we expected,’ Mikhail Panasyuk, Director of the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at Moscow State University, told Sputnik. ‘It looks like we have encountered new physical phenomena. We do not yet know their physical nature. ‘For example, during Lomonosov’s flight at an altitude of several dozen kilometers, we have registered several times a very powerful “explosion” of light,' the director said. ‘But everything was clear underneath it, no storms, no clouds.’ In recent years, unusual electrical discharges have been captured on film by satellites and even astronauts aboard the International Space Station. There are several types of luminous flashes, most notably red sprites and blue jets. These bursts of electricity, however, are always associated with storm clouds, making the latest discovery all the more baffling. The Lomonosov Project is working to get to the bottom of short-lived phenomena such as that recently detected in the upper atmosphere to understand processes beyond cosmic rays and gamma bursts. While they may occur high above Earth, the effects of space weather can trickle down and interfere with activity down at the surface. While numerous types of space and weather phenomena have been spotted in the upper atmosphere before, the team operating the Lomonosov satellite say what they’ve found may be something entirely new. The team reported 'explosions' of light, though no clouds were seen in the skies below. In the past, similar luminous events have been linked to 'space lightning' - but, these events are always associated with storm clouds. Blue jets are enormous bursts of electrical discharge spiking upward from storm clouds in the upper atmosphere. They emerge from the electrically-charged cores of thunderstorms and rise up to 30 miles upwards in the shape of a cone. Red sprites are electrical bursts of light that occur above highly active thunderstorms. They only last a few milliseconds and are relatively dim compared with other lightning. The late experimental physicist John Winckler accidentally discovered sprites, while helping to test a new low-light video camera in 1989. They show up red at higher altitudes and fade to blue at lower heights. ‘We must take into account that the Earth’s radiation belts – the charged particles trapped by the magnetic field, can disappear, precipitate from the magnetic trap into the Earth’s atmosphere, producing in it extensive regions of ionization,’ the project’s website states. ‘The energy of the radiation belt particles is sufficiently high, for instance, there are relativistic electrons with energy of several MeV among them, which can penetrate deep in the atmosphere and by rate of ionization can easily compete against Auger showers. ‘Besides space factors physical processes near the Earth’s surface also have an effect on the atmosphere.’
www.dailymail.co.uk



'Alien INVASION?' Russian satellite spots bright blasts in atmosphere
A MYSTERIOUS, bright blast was seen by Russian satellites in Earth’s atmosphere sparking frantic fears an alien invasion is looming.  Experts from the Moscow State University’s Research Institute of Nuclear Physics said one of their satellites spotted several high-power “light explosions” dozens of kilometres above the Earth’s surface. The team captured even more interest from the public when they said the bright blasts are unlike anything seen before, and cannot be explained by modern physics. Flashes have been spotted before and have been explained by weather phenomena such as lightening storms. But the ones captured by the Lomonosov satellite were above a clear sky, which would suggest they have nothing to do with the weather. Mikhail Panasyuk, head of Moscow State University’s Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, said: “With the help of the telescope, we have obtained even more important results than we expected. “It looks like we have encountered new physical phenomena. We do not yet know their physical nature. “For example, during Lomonosov’s flight at an altitude of several dozen kilometres, we have registered several times a very powerful ‘explosion’ of light. “But everything was clear underneath it, no storms, no clouds. “What caused the explosions is an open question.” With scientists openly admitting that there is currently no concrete explanation, conspiracy theorists jumped on the wagon and started expressing their views. Twitter user James Seal thought asteroids could have played a part, writing: Did two asteroids hit each other that could have been an explosion. Be a blessing if it did Earth’s Upper Atmosphere.” Patrick McDuff wrote: “I'm not saying it was the aliens but it WAS the aliens.” However, the website of the Lomonosov project explains that events on the Earth’s surface can have an effect on the atmosphere, as scientists strive for a logical explanation. The website reads: “We must take into account that the Earth’s radiation belts – the charged particles trapped by the magnetic field, can disappear, precipitate from the magnetic trap into the Earth’s atmosphere, producing in it extensive regions of ionisation. “The energy of the radiation belt particles is sufficiently high, for instance, there are relativistic electrons with energy of several MeV among them, which can penetrate deep in the atmosphere and by rate of ionisation can easily compete against Auger showers. “Besides space factors physical processes near the Earth’s surface also have an effect on the atmosphere.”
www.express.co.uk

Josip Broz Tito je zajedno sa suprugom Jovankom i tadašnjim rumunjskim predsjednikom Nicolaem Ceaușescim 1972. godine otvorio hidroelektranu Đerdap. Otvaranje hidroelektrane, u to vrijeme četvrte na svijetu po veličini, bio je događaj od povijesnog značaja, jer je Dunav konačno bio ukroćen i stavljen u službu čovjeka, kako su tom prilikom svečano objavili predsjednici SFRJ i SRR, Tito i Ceaușescu. „Otvaranjem“ Željeznih vrata ispunjen je drevni san čije su materijalne tragove ostavili još Rimljani koji su pokušavali da prošire carstvo i osvoje Dakiju. U tome je uspio tek Trajan: kako bi snabdjevao vojna utvrđenja duž rijeke i pobijedio Decebala, galije je „burlačio“, odnosno izvlačio kroz klisuru uz pomoć robova ili volova, pa su konopci za vuču usjekli žlebove na strminama. Ovaj imperator je izgradio i put započet u vrijeme Tiberija, i podigao Trajanov most. Ova dunavska „tvornica struje“ koja je premostila Dunav, još uvijek je najveća hidrotehnička građevina na Dunavu potpuno je simetrična i projektirana tako da svaka zemlja, dakle i Srbija i Rumunjska raspolažu istim dijelovima glavnog objekta, odnosno sa po jednom elektranom, brodskom prevodnicom i po sedam preljenih polja od ukupno 14, koliko ih ima u zajedničkoj preljevnoj brani. Montirano je 12 hidroagregata snage po 190 megavata, sa Kaplanovim turbinama, čiji presjek kola iznosi oko 9,5 metara. Do tada u svijetu nisu građene turbine većeg presjeka. Simetralu objekta čini državna granica. Akumulacijsko jezero je zapremine 1.380 miliona metara kubnih vode, a njegove potencijale na jednoj hidroelektrani eksploatiraju dvije zemlje – Srbija i Rumunjska i po tome je jedinstvena u svijetu, piše Danas. Građevinski radovi na HE „Đerdap 1“ počeli su 1964. godine, bilo je angažirano oko pet tisuća ljudi, a nakon osam godina izgradnje, posao je završen kolovoza 1970. kada su u pogon pušteni prvi agregati. Bila je to najveća europska hidroelektrana sa instaliranim kapacitetom od 2.100 megavata i poslije izgradnje četvrta po veličini na svijetu. „Đerdap 1“ je znatno podigao nivo Dunava, posebno na najužim i nekada najopasnijim dionicama. Pod vodom akumulacije na našoj strani Dunava našlo se šest naselja: Sip, Tekija, Golubinje, Mosna, Donji Milanovac i Dobra, dok je na rumunskoj strani potopljeno osam naselja i ukupno je preseljeno 23.000 stanovnika.

Obnovljen agregat na Đerdapu za 32 mil. eura
Na najvećoj srpskoj hidroelektrani na Dunavu pušten je u rad četvrti obnovljeni agregat. Obnova je trajala 26 mjeseci i stajala 32 milijuna eura, čime je snaga motora povećana za 10 posto, pišu Večernje novosti. Aleksandar Antić, ministar rudarstva i energetike, rekao da je u planu i obnova agregata A2, a u završnici i agregata A3. “Mi smo u procesu kapitalne revitalizacije Đerdapa 1. Dosad su obnovljena četiri agregata i na njima smo dobili oko 60 megavata nove snage, što donosi 90 milijuna kilovatsati nove električne energije. Dobili smo novi agregat koji će sljedećih 30 godina raditi punim kapacitetom”, rekao je Antić. Za vrijeme ispitivanja novi agregat pokazao je odlične rezultate, jer je za 55 minuta proizveo 86 megavatsati električne energije. Hidroelektrana Đerdap 1 u četvrtoj je fazi obnove, koja je počela u kolovozu 2009. godine. Agregat A1 najduže je korišten, ukupno 44 godine, 11 mjeseci i 19 dana, a za to vrijeme proizveo je 43,6 milijuna megavatsati električne energije. “Obnovljeni agregat ima za 21 megavat veću snagu od prethodnog. Pouzdaniji je, a to znači da će uvijek biti spreman odgovoriti na zahtev dispečerskog centra EPS-a. U njega su ugrađena najnovija tehnološka rješenja”, kaže Radmilo Nikolić, direktor za proizvodnju energije HE Đerdap.

Ruske kompanije kreću u remont HE Đerdap
Remont svih šest blokova trajat će pet godina, a posao vrijedi 100 milijuna dolara. Za proljeće je najavljen početak remonta prvog bloka HE Đerdap, završetak kojeg se očekuje u srpnju. Posao će biti povjeren ruskim kompanijama po je dogovor sa srpskom vladom, kojim će ruska strana Srbiji vratiti dio klirinškog duga obnovom HE podignute u suradnji s Rumunjskom. Remont svih šest blokova trajat će pet godina, a ukupna vrijednost cijelog posla iznosi oko 100 milijuna dolara. Ruska oprema za remont već je pripremljena za isporuku i teška je 3000 tona i vrijedi 18 milijuna dolara. Rezervni dijelovi iz Rusije za hidroelektrane Đerdap I i Đerdap II, kao i za TE Nikola Tesla i Kostolac su isporučeni lani. Ta oprema je, zajedno s montažom, vrijedna jedanaest milijuna eura. Remont HE Đerdap samo je dio odnosa dviju zemalja u energetskom sektoru u kojem je Srbija posve ovisna o Rusiji. Energenti, za koje je Srbija u 2006. platila 2,14 milijardi dolara, predstavljaju 80 posto ruskog godišnjeg izvoza u Srbiju.

Srbija kreće u obnovu hidroelektrana
Potpisivanjem sporazuma s Rusijom o vraćanju klirinškog duga od 288 milijuna dolara osigurana su sredstva za rekonstrukciju HE Đerdap 1. Početak radova predviđen je u 2008. Opremu i radove pružit će ruska kompanija Silovi mašini s kojom je još 2003. sklopljen sporazum o rekonstrukciji Đerdapa 1, ali se na realizaciju moralo čekati sve do sklapanja sporazuma o vraćanju klirnškog duga. Za rekonstrukciju Đerdapa 1, u kojega je spomenuta ruska kompanija prije 35 godina ugradila agregate, bit će utrošeno 105,5 milijuna dolara. Pored Đerdapa 1 Elektroprivreda Srbije rekonstruirat će i HE Bajina Bašta. Na natječaj za taj posao ponude su dale austrijska tvrtka Vauteh i Alstom iz Francuske. Natječajnu dokumentaciju otkupilo je još pet kompanija među kojima i Končar-Ket iz Hrvatske, ali nisu dostavile ponudu u predviđenom roku. Za rekonstrukciju HE Bajina Bašta utrošit će se 46 milijuna eura, od kojih će se 30 milijuna eura osigurati kreditom njemačke Razvojne banka (KfW). Prema Vladimiru Đorđeviću, direktora EPS-a, predstoji revitalizacija ostalih hidroelektrana u Srbiji. Riječ je o hidroelektranama starima između 50 i 30 godina: HE Zvornik, HE Vlasina, HE Ovčar Banja i HE Međuvršje.

Pola stoljeća od početka izgradnje HE „Đerdap 1”
Od početka izgradnje hidroelektrane „Đerdap 1” i plovidbenog sistema na tom dijelu Dunava, navršilo se 50 godina, a tim povodom održana je u Kladovu svečana akademija. Pre pola stoljeća 7. rujna 1964, predsjednici dvije susjedne zemlje Jugoslavije i Rumunije Josip Broz Tito i Georgi Georgiju Dež obelježili su svečani početak radova na izgradnji hidroelektrane. Sporazum o izgradnji HE potpisan je krajem studenog 1963. godine u Beogradu. Posao na kojem je radilo oko 5.000 ljudi završen je avgusta 1970, tada su u pogon su pušteni prvi agregati. HE „Đerdap” je podignuta na 943. kilometru Dunava, deset kilometara uzvodno od Kladova. To je bila najveća europska hidroelektrana sa instaliranim kapacitetom od 2.100 megavata i poslije izgradnje, po veličini četvrta na svijetu. Predsjednici Jugoslavije i Rumunije, Tito i Nicolae Ceaușesci objavili su na svečanosti 16. maja 1972. da je njenom izgradnjom, dotadašnji bijesni tok Dunava pretvoren u krotku rijeku. Hidrolektrana je znatno podigla nivo Dunava, posebno na najužim i nekada najopasnijim dionicama. Prema predračunskoj vrijednosti, za izgradnju je bilo potrebno oko 500 miliona dolara, po tadašnjem deviznom tečaju. Na kraju izvođenja svih radova vrijednost objekta se procjenjuje na oko današnjih pet milijardi eura. Đerdap godišnje proizvede 5,65 milijardi kilovatsati, a do sada je proizveo 243 milijardi kilovatsati.

HE “Đerdap dva” proslavlja 40 godina od početka izgradnje
Hidroelektrana “Đerdap dva” započela je pripreme za obnovu svojih deset agregata, kojom će produžiti radni vijek i povećati proizvodni kapacitet sa 270 na 320 megavata. Ovo je rekao Milorad Grčić, vršilac dužnosti generalnog direktora Elektroprivrede Srbije prilikom obilaska druge đerdapske tvornice struje, koja obilježava četiri desetljeća od početka izgradnje. Napravili smo plan da, u narednih deset godina, svake godine isključujući i remontirajući po jedan hidroagregat, svakom agregatu produžimo vijek, moderniziramo ga i povećamo mu kapacitet. Povećanje kapaciteta je planirano za 50 megavata na “Đerdapu dva”. Hidroelektrane su važne jer ulaze u čistu, zelenu energiju, važne su zbog lakšeg održavanja i niže cijene koštanja proizvodnje. Srbija ide u tom pravcu, da kroz hidropotencijale, kroz vjetro parkove, bude rame uz rame sa Europskom unijom – dodao je Grčić. Obilježavanju četiri desetljeća od početka izgradnje HE “Đerdap dva” prisustvovali su i graditelji ove elektrane, nekadašnji direktori i radnici, predstavnici negotinske lokalne samouprave sa Vladimirom Veličkovićem na čelu, kao i direktor ovog ogranka Siniša Matović sa suradnicima. Mislim da je ovo veoma važna privredna točka i za samu općinu Negotin i za cijeli kraj. Sve što smo započeli, završili smo na vrijeme, pa ćemo i ovaj značajan projekt revitalizacije završiti bez dana zakašnjenja – rekao je vršilac dužnosti generalnog direktora Elektroprivrede Srbije. Za 32 godine, od kada je popularna “dvojka” ušla u eksploataciju, proizvedeno je 44, 2 miliona megavat - sata električne energije. Elektroprivredi Srbije HE “Đerdap dva” je do ovog 1. prosinca isporučila 43,4 miliona megavat-sati struje, što je 104,52 posto od plana. Počeci izgradnje vezuju se za zajedničku posjetu predsjednika Jugoslavije i Rumunjske Josipa Broza Tita i Nikolaja Čaušeskua, 3.prosinca 1977. Na mjestu gde je Dunav, u zavisnosti od vodostaja, širok 850 do 900 metara. U vrijeme najobimnijih radova na gradilištu je radilo i po 15.000 radnika. Zbog izgradnje “dvojke” sa naše strane iseljeno je 4.500 ljudi, a sa rumunjske 712 stanovnika. Da bi se izgradio ovakav objekt u priobalnom području na srpskoj strani Dunava trebalo je izgraditi 643 objekta i 25 kilometara magistralnih cesta. Proizvedena električna energija daje nam za pravo da su apsolutno opravdana sredstva koja su uložena u ovaj objekt. Značajnu korist od ovog objekta imaju i dunavski lađari, koji su izgradnjom objekta dobili sigurnu dionicu za transport robe i sve veći broj turističkih brodova koji obilaze Dunav i njegovu okolinu – ističe Radmilo Nikolić, direktor proizvodnje ogranka HE “Đerdap”. Od početka izgradnje HE “Đerdap dva”, koja sa svojih 10 agregata ima snagu od 270 megavat,a stalno se pomjerala gornja granica proizvodnje električne energije. Hidroelektrana zavisi od dotoka, tako da se na “dvojci” svaki kubik vode spremno čekao i pretvarao u energiju. Preljevalo se samo kad se moralo. Agregati su na izmaku svog radnog vijeka i naši stručnjaci uveliko rade na pripremi dokumentacije za revitalizaciju primarne opreme elektrane.
www.novosti.rs

Venezuela ima najveće dokazane rezerve nafte na svijetu, ali proizvodnja drastično pada
Od svih država na svijetu Venezuela ima najveće dokazane rezerve nafte, oko 300 milijardi barela prema podacima američkoj Administraciji za energetske informacije (EIA). Usprkos tome, proizvodnja nafte u toj državi je u slobodnom padu te je krajem kolovoza iznosila samo 1,24 milijuna barela po danu. Prema prognozi EIA-e, ta bi brojka mogla pasti na manje od milijun barela dnevno u narednim mjesecima, što znači da bi Venezuela mogla ispasti iz kluba 20 najvećih proizvođača nafte na svijetu. Razlozi za tu situaciju su višestruki. Prvo, vlast u Venezueli trenutno je u rukama izrazito nesposobne i korumpirane administracije na čelu s predsjednikom Nicholasom Madurom. Državnu naftnu tvrtku PDVSA napunili su podobnim ljudima koji nemaju pojma o naftnom biznisu, a istovremeno su kompaniju napustili iskusni i obrazovani operativci koji su posao vrlo brzo našli u drugim državama. Drugo, još za Chaveza je država naftnu industriju doživljavala kao privatno vlasništvo iz kojeg se kupuje socijalni mir, ali i namiruje luksuzni život odabrane elite. I dok je za Chaveza taj koncept koliko toliko funkcionirao, drastični pad cijena nafte prije nekoliko godina stvorio je veliku rupu u proračunu. Umjesto da se stegne remen i novac reinvestira u naftni biznis, već zastarjela postrojenja su dodatno zapuštena pa je proizvodnja s 2,8 milijuna barela dnevno u 2014. pala na 1,2 milijuna u kolovozu ove godine. A taj trend neće se uskoro preokrenuti. S druge strane, naftna industrija cvjeta u državi koju Maduro gotovo isključivo optužuje za svoje nedaće. Kako smo pisali prošli tjedan, SAD je prvi put nakon 1973. zasjeo na prvo mjesto najvećih proizvođača nafte na svijetu, s oko 11 milijuna barela dnevno. Više od polovice proizvodnje otpada na Teksas (oko 6 milijuna barela po danu), ali jako dobre rezultate ima i Sjeverna Dakota. Ova slabo naseljenja savezna država, s oko 755.000 stanovnika, u srpnju je dnevno proizvodila 1,27 milijuna barela nafte u prosjeku, prema podacima koje je prenio Bloomberg. Dakle, više nego cijela Venezuela.
novac.jutarnji.hr


KRONIKA JEDNE PROPASTI: KAKO JE DRŽAVA S NAJVEĆIM ZALIHAMA NAFTE NA SVIJETU DOŠLA U STANJE POTPUNOG KAOSA Je li na pomolu veliki prevrat?
Venezuela, gdje se oporbeni predsjednik parlamenta Juan Guaido u srijedu sam proglasio privremenim predsjednikom države tijekom prosvjeda protiv aktualnog predsjednika Nicolasa Madura, prva je izvoznica nafte u Latinskoj Americi, no potresa je velika politička, gospodarska i migrantska kriza.

Maduro, kontroverzni Chavezov nasljednik
Izabran za predsjednika 1999., Hugo Chavez pokrenuo je "bolivarsku revoluciju", nazvanu tako po borcu za neovisnost Simonu Bolivaru. Popularnost je sagradio na mnogobrojnim socijalnim programima u zemlji rastrganoj velikim nejednakostima i borbom protiv nepismenosti, vladajući stilom koji je objedinio ljevičarstvo i militarizam. Godine 2012. dobio je treći mandat, no umro je od raka godinu dana poslije. Njegov favorit Nicolas Maduro postao je njegovim nasljednikom, no brzo je postao nepopularan kada je zemlja upala u gospodarsku krizu, što je 2014. izazvalo nasilne prosvjede u kojima je poginulo 43 ljudi. U siječnju 2016., oporba je u parlamentu stekla većinu, no Vrhovni sud poništio je sva glasanja zastupnika. Prosvjedi na kojima se tražio Madurov odlazak izmjenjivali su se tijekom četiri mjeseca 2017. i u njima je poginulo 125 ljudi. Maduro je donio odluku o održavanju izbora za skupštinu koja će sastaviti novi ustav, čime je želio sačuvati vlast, kako je tvrdila oporba, koja je izbore održane u srpnju 2017. bojkotirala. Europska unija, SAD i više latinoameričkih država nije priznalo Ustavotvornu skupštinu, niti drugi Madurov mandat koji je počeo 10. siječnja 2019. Predsjednik parlamenta, oporbeni čelnik Juan Guaido, proglasio se sam 23. siječnja, dva dana nakon pobune skupine vojnika koja je brzo ugušena, privremenim predsjednikom države tijekom velikog protuvladinog prosvjeda. SAD i nekoliko latinoameričkih zemalja brzo ga je priznalo, dok je Maduro dobio potporu Meksika, Kube, Bolivije, Turske i Rusije. Parlament je obećao amnestiju vojnicima koji okrenu leđa Maduru.

Zemlja crnog zlata
Venezuela, karipska država površine 916.445 kilometara četvornih i s gotovo 32 milijuna stanovnika (po podacima Svjetske banke iz 2017.), jedna je od dviju latinoameričkih članica OPEC-a. Ima dokazane rezerve nafte u iznosu od 302,25 milijarda barela, najviše na svijetu. Zbog manjka novca za modernizaciju naftnih polja, proizvodnja nafte se strmoglavila. U studenome je po podacima OPEC-a iznosila 1,13 milijuna barela na dan, najmanje u tri desetljeća.

Urušavanje gospodarstva
Pogođenoj padom cijena sirove nafte od 2014., Venezueli, koja 96 posto prihoda ostvaruje prodajom nafte, počele su manjkati devize i utonula je u veliku krizu, koja je izazvala pravi egzodus njeznih stanovnika koji su počeli bježati pred nestašicom hrane i lijekova u susjedne zemlje, što nije prošlo bez napetosti. Tri milijuna Venezuelaca živi u inozemstvu, od kojih je najmanje 2,3 milijuna otišlo od 2015., po podacima UN-a. Ta bi brojka mogla porasti na 5,3 milijuna 2019. U pet godina, BDP je potonuo za 45 posto, po podacima MMF-a. Svjetska banka očekuje ove godine novu kontrakciju BDP-a od 8 posto, nakon što je gospodarstvo prošle godine palo 18 posto. Suočen s hiperinflacijom koja bi ove godine trebala doseći 10 milijuna posto, Maduro je sredinom siječnja učetverostručio minimalnu plaću na 18.000 bolivara (20 dolara po službenom tečaju), za što se može kupiti dva kilograma mesa. U kolovozu je pokrenuo plan oporavka, devalvirajući bolivar za 96 posto. Maduro tvrdi da je kriza posljedica "gospodarskog rata" koji protiv njega vode desnica i SAD. SAD mu je nametnuo nekoliko krugova sankcija. U studenome 2017., nekoliko rejting agencija objavilo je da su Venezuela i nacionalna naftna kompanija PDVSA u djelomičnom stečaju. Stopa siromaštva, kojom se "bolivarska revolucija" inače rado diči kada pada, porasla je na vrtoglavih 87 posto, po istraživanju glavnih sveučilišta u zemlji. Venezuela pati i od endemskog nasilja, sa stopom ubojstava od 81,4 na 100.000 stanovnika 2018., po nevladinoj organizaciji Venezuelski opservatorij za nasilje.
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Hrvatska nije Rusija da može biti energetski neovisna
Hrvatska ne može biti energetski neovisna niti će energetsku neovisnost postići ako otkupi Inu od MOL-a. Vodeći hrvatski političari u euforiji koja ih je zahvatila nakon što su krenuli u projekt otkupa Ine, kao glavni argument za ulazak u skupu operaciju otkupa Ine koriste izlizanu floskulu o energetskog neovisnosti. Tako i predsjednik Vlade i HDZ-a Andrej Plenković u nužnost kupovine Ine nastoji uvjeriti javnost upravo argumentima o energetskoj neovisnosti. 'Okolnosti koje danas imamo oko Ine kao naše strateške kompanije i odnosa s MOL-m prošlih godina, u nastalim okolnostima nameću obvezu da Hrvatska otkupi udjel MOL-a u Ini', rekao je Andrej Plenković prije desetak dana i dodao kako bi se tako zadržala strateška i upravljačka kontrola s tom kompanijom te osigurale energetska neovisnost i opskrba. Na istom tragu je i predsjednik Hrvatskog sabora i šef Mosta Božo Petrov, koji je čak najavio i izmjene Ustava zbog Ine i HEP-a. 'Na Badnjak sam rekao da treba vratiti Inu da bismo stekli energetsku neovisnost, radna skupina djeluje i javnost bi se trebala strpjeti', kazao je Petrov prije dva tjedna, a ubrzo mu se pridružio i predsjednik SDP-a Davor Bernardić koji koristi isti argument. Iako svaki iz svojih politički razloga, svi vodeći političari pozivaju se na energetsku neovisnost bez da ulaze u detalje i obrazlažu što je to točno, kako je ostvariti i je li uopće tako nešto izvedivo. Zato smo pitali energetskog stručnjaka dr. sc. Milana Puharića da nam razjasni pojam energetske neovisnosti. Može li Hrvatska uopće u današnjem svijetu isprepletenih odnosa biti energetski neovisna? Puharić kaže da, što se tiče Ine, Hrvatska s aspekta nafte i plina nije energetski neovisna. Država, odnosno Ina, uvozi većinu tih energenata. Prema Godišnjem izvještaju Ine za 2015. godinu, domaća nafta činila je tek 16 posto, a uvozna 63 posto proizvodnje. Dva posto otpada na kondenzate, a 19 posto na ostale sirovine. S druge strane, Puharić smatra da bi HEP kao kompanija koja proizvodi struju u jednom dobrom dijelu mogao pružiti energetsku neovisnost. 'Ne 100 posto, ali u jednom velikom postotku bi HEP mogao proizvoditi energije iz vlastitih resursa', kazao je Puharić za tportal. Prema njegovim riječima, HEP bi morao u dogledno vrijeme izgraditi jednu plinsku elektranu koja bi znatno smanjila ovisnost o uvozu. Napominje da HEP, ovisno u hidrologiji, uvozi do 30 posto energije, što je svakako previše. Time je, kaže, u nekim izvanrednim okolnostima sigurnost elektroenergetskog sustava na neki način ugrožena, odnosno podložna riziku. Međutim, ključno je pitanje može li Hrvatska, i hoće li, biti energetski neovisna ako ili kada vratimo kontrolu države nad Inom. Energetski stručnjak je tu jasan i tvrdi da ne može. 'To je nemoguće i malo koja zemlja u svijetu je, osim Rusije, energetski neovisna', ocjenjuje Puharić. Međutim, napominje, Hrvatska može smanjiti utjecaj energenata koji dolaze iz inozemstva. Koliko bi bilo važno da Hrvatska ima u svojim rukama kompanije koje proizvode naftu i plin? Je bitno da država kontrolira tvrtku koja se sve više pretvara u trgovačko društvo i prodaje gorivo na benzinskim postajama? 'Najvažnija je evaluacija koliko vrijede te dvije kompanije, jedna koju smo prodali i druga koja je još uvijek u stopostotnom hrvatskom vlasništvu. Tu treba napraviti ozbiljne analize koje, po mom saznanju, još uvijek nisu izvršene', kazuje nam Puharić. Objašnjava da je HEP kompanija koja vrijedi više od Ine zbog niza faktora koji su vezani na energetiku, a to su elektromobilnost i ostali projekti koji se vežu na direktnu implikaciju električne energije na energetiku. 'Mnoge europske države, pogotovo Njemačka, u svojim planovima zacrtavaju da će se vozila u budućnosti napajati strujom, a ne naftom. To je bitna stvar koja se razlikuje od toga što u Hrvatskoj prezentiraju pojedini mediji i energetski stručnjaci. Oni precjenjuju Inu, a podcjenjuju perspektive HEP-a', tvrdi energetski stručnjak. Važna su pitanja koliko vrijedi HEP i koliko vrijedi Ina te koliko će vrijediti HEP u budućnosti i koliko će Ina vrijediti u budućnosti. Puharić, dakle, vjeruje da HEP ima puno veće perspektive razvoja od Ine. 'Ina je kompanija koja kako eksploatira izvore nafte i plina, ti izvori bivaju sve manji. MOL nije investirao u nove bušotine nafte i plina. Prema tome, vrijednost same kompanije se smanjuje. Smatram da je vrijednost Ine koja se prikazuje na burzama spekulativna vrijednost i da je ona stvarno manja', poručuje Puharić koji je uvjeren da hrvatski građani ništa ne bi dobili ako bi država potrošila veliki novac na kupovinu Ine.
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