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Nenad Raos, rođen 1951. u Zagrebu, je kemičar, doktor prirodnih znanosti i znanstveni savjetnik, sada u mirovini. Još od studentskih dana bavi se popularizacijom znanosti pišući za časopise Prirodu (kojoj je sedam godina bio i glavni urednik), Čovjek i svemir, ABC tehnike, Smib, Modru lastu, a u posljednje vrijeme i za mrežne stranice Zg-magazin te, naravno, BUG online. Autor je i 13 znanstveno-popularnih knjiga od kojih je posljednju, „The Cookbook of Life – New Theories on the Origin of Life“ (izišlu 2018. godine), napisao na engleskom jeziku. Urednik je rubrike „Kemija u nastavi“ u časopisu Kemija u industriji, za koji piše i redovite komentare. Nagrađen je Državnom godišnjom nagradom za promidžbu i popularizaciju znanosti 2003. godine.
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Colossal barocaloric effects near room temperature in plastic crystals of neopentylglycol
There is currently great interest in replacing the harmful volatile hydrofluorocarbon fluids used in refrigeration and air-conditioning with solid materials that display magnetocaloric, electrocaloric or mechanocaloric effects. However, the field-driven thermal changes in all of these caloric materials fall short with respect to their fluid counterparts. Here we show that plastic crystals of neopentylglycol (CH3)2C(CH2OH)2 display extremely large pressure-driven thermal changes near room temperature due to molecular reconfiguration, that these changes outperform those observed in any type of caloric material, and that these changes are comparable with those exploited commercially in hydrofluorocarbons. Our discovery of colossal barocaloric effects in a plastic crystal should bring barocaloric materials to the forefront of research and development in order to achieve safe environmentally friendly cooling without compromising performance.
Introduction
Plastic crystals (PCs), also known as orientationally disordered crystals, are materials that lie at the boundary between solids and liquids. They are normally made of nearly spherical small organic molecules whose centres of mass form a regular crystalline lattice, unlike liquid crystals that normally comprise highly anisotropic organic molecules with no long-range positional order. The globular shape of these molecules provides little steric hindrance for reorientational processes, such that plastic crystals tend to be highly orientationally disordered away from low temperature. This dynamical disordering often implies high plasticity under uniaxial stress, and hence the materials are known as plastic crystals. On cooling, plastic crystals typically transform into ordered crystals (OCs) of lower volume via first-order phase transitions, whose latent heats arise primarily due to thermally driven large changes of orientational order, and this has led to proposals for passive thermal storage. Here we exploit commercially available samples of the prototypical plastic crystal neopentylglycol (NPG), i.e., 2,2-dymethyl-1,3-propanediol. This material is an alcoholic derivative of neopentane C(CH3)4 made from cheap abundant elements, and enjoys widespread use in industry as an additive in the synthesis of paints, lubricants and cosmetics.
We achieve colossal pressure-driven thermal changes (barocaloric effects) near room temperature that are an order of magnitude better than those observed in state-of-the-art barocaloric (BC) materials and comparable to those observed in the standard commercial hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant R134a18. Our BC effects are colossal because the first-order PC-OC transition displays an enormous latent heat that is accompanied by an enormous change in volume, such that moderate applied pressure is sufficient to yield colossal thermal changes via the reconfiguration of globular neopentylglycol molecules (whose steric hindrance is low). Moreover, reversibility is achieved at temperatures above the hysteretic transition regime. Our higher operating pressures do not represent a barrier for applications because they can be generated by a small load in a large volume of material via a pressure-transmitting medium, e.g., using a vessel with a neck containing a driving piston, whose small area is compensated by its distance of travel. Therefore, our demonstration of colossal BC effects in commercially available plastic crystals should immediately open avenues for the development of safe and environmentally friendly solid-state refrigerants.
PC-OC phase transition in NPG at atmospheric pressure
At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, NPG adopts an ordered monoclinic structure (P21/c) with four molecules per unit cell. On heating, the material undergoes a reversible structural phase transition to a cubic structure (Fm3¯m) with four molecules per unit cell that adopt an orientationally disordered configuration at any typical instant. The first-order structural phase transition yields sharp peaks in dQ/|dT| (Q is heat, T is temperature) recorded on heating and cooling, with a well-defined transition start temperature T0 ~ 314 K on heating. By contrast, as a consequence of the nominally isothermal character of the PC-OC transition, the temperature ramp rate influences the transition finish temperature on heating, and the transition start and finish temperatures on cooling (e.g., by up to ~5 K for 1–10 K min−1). Integration of the calorimetric peaks yields a large latent heat of |Q0| = 121 ± 2 kJ kg−1 on heating, and |Q0| = 110 ± 2 kJ kg−1 on cooling. These values of |Q0| are independent of the temperature ramp rate, and in good agreement with previous experimental values1,22,23 of |Q0| ~ 123–131 kJ kg−1.
Integration of (dQ/|dT|)/T and Cp/T, permits the evaluation of entropy S′(T) = S(T)−S(250 K) over a wide temperature range, as explained in the Experimental Section (Cp is specific heat at atmospheric pressure). The large entropy change at the transition (|ΔS0| ~ 383 J K−1 kg−1 on heating and |ΔS0| ~ 361 J K−1 kg−1 on cooling) is in good agreement with previous experimental values of |ΔS0| ~ 390–413 J K−1 kg−1. This large value of |ΔS0| arises due to a non-isochoric order-disorder transition in molecular configurations, such that it exceeds values of |ΔS0| << 100 J K−1 kg−1 for first-order structural phase transitions associated with changes of ionic position and electronic densities of states. Consequently, the configurational degrees of freedom that are accessed via the non-isochoric order-disorder transition in our solid material yield entropy changes that compare favourably with those associated with the translational degrees of freedom accessed via solid-liquid-gas transitions in various materials, including the hydrocarbon fluids used for commercial refrigeration.
On heating through the transition, x-ray diffraction data confirm the expected changes in crystal structure. The resulting specific volume V undergoes a large ~4.9% increase of ΔV0 = 0.046 ± 0.001 cm3 g−1 across the transition, for which (∂V/∂T)p=0 > 0, presaging large conventional BC effects that may be evaluated by using the Maxwell relation (∂V/∂T)p = −(∂S/∂p)T to calculate the isothermal entropy change ΔS(p1→p2)=−∫p2p1(∂V/∂T)pdp due to a change in pressure from p1 to p2. Near the transition, the volumetric thermal expansion coefficients for the OC and the PC phases are both ~10−4 K−1, implying the existence of additional BC effects ΔS+ that are large and conventional at temperatures lying on either side of the transition. These additional BC effects are evaluated here using the aforementioned Maxwell relation, for changes in pressure |p−patm| ~ |p| where atmospheric pressure patm ~ 0 GPa, to obtain ΔS+(p) = −[(∂V/∂T)p=0]p, where (∂V/∂T)p is assumed to be independent of pressure shows the error in (∂V/∂T)p to be ~20% for the PC phase, which implies an error in the total entropy change ΔS of ~3%).
Two contributions to |ΔS0| may be identified as follows. One is the configurational entropy given by M−1Rln Ω, where M = 104.148 g mol−1 is molar mass, R is the universal gas constant, and Ω is the ratio between the number of configurations in the PC and the OC phases. The other is the volumetric entropy (α¯/κ¯) ΔV0, where the coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion α¯ , and the isothermal compressibility κ¯, have both been averaged across the PC-OC transition. Molecules of (CH3)2C(CH2OH)2 display achiral tetrahedral symmetry (point group Td, subgroup C3v), yielding one configuration in the OC phase and configurations in the PC phase (10 molecular orientations that each possesses six possible hydroxymethyl conformations). Therefore the configurational entropy is M−1Rln 60 ~ 330 J K−1 kg−1, and the volumetric entropy is ~60 J K−1 kg−1. The resulting prediction of |ΔS0| ~ 390 J K−1 kg−1 agrees well with the experimental values reported above, and the previously measured experimental values.
PC-OC phase transition in NPG under applied pressure
Measurements of dQ/|dT| under applied pressure reveal that the observed transition temperatures vary strongly with pressure, with dT/dp = 113 ± 5 K GPa−1 for the start temperature on heating, and dT/dp = 93 ± 18 K GPa−1 for the start temperature on cooling, for pressures p < 0.1 GPa. These values of dT/dp are amongst the largest observed for BC materials, and indicate that the first-order PC-OC transition of width ~10 K could be fully driven in either direction using |Δp| ~ |p| ~ 0.1 GPa. At higher pressures, values of dT/dp fall slightly, but remain large).
Integration of (dQ/|dT|)/T at finite pressure reveals that the entropy change |ΔS0| decreases slightly with increasing pressure. This decrease arises because the additional entropy change ΔS+(p) increases in magnitude on increasing temperature in the PC phase [(∂V/∂T)p=0 at 370 K is ~240% larger than (∂V/∂T)p=0 at 320 K, whereas it is nominally independent of temperature in the OC phase near the transition. The fall seen in both dT/dp and |ΔS0| implies via the Clausius–Clapeyron equation dT/dp = ΔV0/ΔS0 that there is a reduction in |ΔV0| at finite pressure, as confirmed using pressure-dependent dilatometry and pressure-dependent x-ray diffraction.
In order to plot ΔS(T,p), we obtained finite-pressure plots of S′(T,p) = S(T,p)−S(250 K,0) by integrating the data and displacing each corresponding plot by ΔS+(p) at 250 K, as explained in the Experimental Section. (Note that ΔS+(p) was evaluated below T0(p = 0) to avoid the forbidden possibility of T0(p) rising to the temperature at which ΔS+(p) was evaluated at high pressure.) we see that the entropy change associated with the transition ΔS0(p) combines with the smaller same-sign additional entropy change ΔS+(p) away from the transition, yielding total entropy change ΔS(p).
BC performance
By following isothermal trajectories in our plots of S′(T,p) obtained on cooling, we were able to evaluate ΔS(T,p) on applying pressure, as cooling and high pressure both tend to favour the low-temperature low-volume OC phase. Similarly, by following isothermal trajectories in our plots of S′(T,p) obtained on heating, we were able to evaluate ΔS(T,p) on decreasing pressure, as heating and low pressure both tend to favour the high-temperature high-volume PC phase.
Discrepancies in the magnitude of ΔS(T,p) on applying and removing pressure are absent in the range ~314-342 K, evidencing reversibility. Our largest reversible isothermal entropy change |ΔS| ~ 510 J K−1 kg−1 arises at ~330 K for |p| ~ 0.57 GPa, and substantially exceeds the BC effects of |ΔS| ≤ 70 J K−1 kg−1 that were achieved using similar values of |p| in a range of materials near room temperature, namely magnetic alloys ferroelectric and ferrielectric materials, fluorides and oxifluorides hybrid perovskites, and superionic conductors. Moreover, our largest value of |ΔS| substantially exceeds the values recorded for magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, and elastocaloric materials, and is comparable to the values observed in the standard commercial hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant fluid R134a, for which |ΔS| = 520 J K−1 kg−1 at ~310 K for much smaller operating pressures of ~0.001 GPa. We can also confirm that NPG compares favourably with other BC solids when normalizing the peak entropy change by volume to yield |ΔS| ~ 0.54 J K−1 cm−3 (the NPG density is 1064 kg m−3 at ~320 K).
The large variation of transition temperature with pressure permits large entropy changes of |ΔS| ~ 445 J K−1 kg−1 to be driven with relatively moderate pressure changes of |p| ~ 0.25 GPa, yielding giant BC strengths30 of |ΔS|/|p| ~ 1780 J K−1 kg−1 GPa−1. Larger pressures extend the reversible BC effects to higher temperatures, causing the large refrigerant capacity RC to increase despite the slight reduction in |ΔS0(p)|. The BC effects in NPG are so large that unpractical changes of pressure would be required to achieve comparable RC values in other BC materials.
By following adiabatic trajectories in S′(T, p), we established both the adiabatic temperature change ΔT(Ts,p) on applying pressure p at starting temperature Ts, and the adiabatic temperature change ΔT(Tf,p) on removing pressure p to reach finishing temperature Tf. On applying our largest pressure (p ~ 0.57 GPa), an adiabatic temperature increase of ΔT ~ 30 K with respect to Ts ~ 318 K is necessarily reversible above the thermally hysteretic regime, such that an equivalent temperature change of opposite sign is achieved on pressure removal. These BC effects substantially exceed both the BC effects of |ΔT| ≤ 10 K that were achieved in inorganic materials by exploiting room-temperature phase transitions with similar values of |p|; and substantially exceeds the BC effects of |ΔT| ~ 9 K that were achieved away from a phase transition with a smaller value of |p| = 0.18 GPa in organic poly(methyl methacrylate) at Ts ~ 368 K.
Discussion
To exploit our material in BC cooling devices, the non-monolithic working body and its intermixed pressure-transmitting medium may exchange heat with sinks and loads via fluid in a secondary circuit, heat pipes or fins. The requisite high pressures could be generated in large volumes using small loads and small-area pistons, just as small voltages can generate large electric fields in the many thin films of an electrocaloric multilayer capacitor. To improve the BC working body, it would be attractive to decrease the observed hysteresis using both chemical and physical approaches, enhance the limited thermal conductivity e.g., by two orders of magnitude via the introduction of graphite matrices, and combine different plastic crystals that operate at quite different temperatures. More generally, our observation of colossal and reversible BC effects in NPG should inspire the study of BC effects in other mesophase systems that lie between liquids and solids, most immediately other organic plastic crystals whose PC-OC transitions display large latent heats and large volume changes. After acceptance of our paper by Li et al. was published in Nature. In the published version they reported a barocaloric entropy change of 389 J K−1 kg−1 for NPG. This value is lower than our value because these authors used lower pressure, and only considered the contribution from the PC-OC transition, while as shown in our manuscript the contributions beyond the transition are relevant for NPG and can be as large as ~80 J K−1 kg−1 for our ~0.25 GPa driving pressure.
Methods
Samples
NPG of purity of 99% was purchased as a powder from Sigma-Aldrich. The typical grain size was ~100 µm, as determined using optical microscopy.
Techniques
Measurements of dQ/|dT| = dQ/dt|dT/dt| were performed at atmospheric pressure in a commercial TA Q100 differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), at ±1–10 K min−1, using ~10–20 mg samples of NPG (t is time).
Measurements of specific heat Cp were performed at atmospheric pressure in a commercial TA Q2000 DSC, at ±5 K min−1, using ~20 mg samples of NPG. Values of Cp were obtained by recording heat flow out of/into the sample as a function of temperature, and comparing it with the heat flow out of/into a reference sapphire sample under the same conditions. Latent heat |Q0|=∣∣∫T2T1dQdTdT∣∣ across the PC-OC transition was obtained after subtracting baseline backgrounds, with start temperature T1 freely chosen below (above) the transition on heating (cooling), and finish temperature T2 freely chosen above (below) the transition on heating (cooling).
Measurements of dQ/dT were performed at constant applied pressure using two bespoke differential thermal analysers (DTAs). For applied pressures of < 0.3 GPa, we used a Cu-Be Bridgman pressure cell with chromel-alumel thermocouples. For applied pressures of < 0.6 GPa, we used a model MV1-30 high-pressure cell (Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Science) with Peltier elements as thermal sensors. The temperature of both pressure cells was controlled using a circulating thermal bath (Lauda Proline RP 1290) that permitted the measurement temperature to be varied at ~±2 K min−1 in 183–473 K. NPG samples of mass ~100 mg were mixed with an inert perfluorinated liquid (Galden, Bioblock Scientist) to remove any residual air, and hermetically encapsulated inside Sn containers. The pressure-transmitting medium was DW-Therm (Huber Kältemaschinenbau GmbH). Entropy change |ΔS0(p)|=∣∣∫T2T1(dQ/dT)/TdT∣∣ across the PC-OC transition was obtained after subtracting baseline backgrounds, and the choice of T1 and T2 is explained above.
Variable-temperature high-resolution x-ray diffraction was performed at atmospheric pressure in transmission, using Cu Kα1 = 1.5406 Å radiation in a horizontally mounted INEL diffractometer with a quartz monochromator, a cylindrical position-sensitive detector (CPS-120) and the Debye-Scherrer geometry. NPG samples were introduced into a 0.5-mm-diameter Lindemann capillary to minimize absorption, and the temperature was varied using a 600 series Oxford Cryostream Cooler. Using the Materials Studio software, lattice parameters were determined by pattern matching using the Pawley method for the cubic phase, and by Rietveld refinement for the monoclinic phase.
Dilatometry was performed using a bespoke apparatus that operated up to 0.3 GPa over a temperature range of ~193–433 K. Molten NPG samples of mass ~1 g were encapsulated inside stainless-steel containers to remove any residual air. Each container was then perforated by a stainless-steel piston, whose relative displacement with respect to a surrounding coil could be detected via measurement of electromotive force.
Variable-pressure x-ray diffraction measurements were performed at beamline MSPD BL04 in the ALBA-CELLS synchrotron, using an x-ray wavelength of 0.534 Å obtained at the Rh K-edge. The beamline is equipped with Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors to focus the x-ray beam to 20 μm × 20 μm, and uses a Rayonix CCD detector. The NPG sample was placed with two small ruby chips at the centre of a 300 μm-diameter hole in a stainless steel gasket, preindented to a thickness of 55 μm. For room-temperature measurements, we used symmetric diamond-anvil cells (DACs) with diamonds of 700 μm. For high-temperature measurements, we used a gas-membrane driven DAC equipped with diamonds possessing 400 μm culets, and varied the temperature using a resistive heater. Temperature was measured using a K-type thermocouple attached to one diamond anvil, close to the gasket. The thermocouple was accurate to 0.4% in our measurement-set temperature range. For all the measurements, NaCl powder was used as the pressure marker61. The accuracy of pressure readings was ~±0.05 GPa. Indexing and refinement of the powder patterns were performed using the Materials Studio software, by pattern matching using the Pawley method.
Construction of entropy curves
Using specific heat data at atmospheric pressure, specific volume data at atmospheric pressure, and dQ/|dT| data at constant pressure, we calculated S′(T,p) = S(T,p) − S(250 K,0) where T1 is the transition start temperature, T2 is the transition finish temperature, COC is the specific heat of the OC phase, CPC is the specific heat of the PC phase, and COC-PC = (1−x)COC + xCPC represents the specific heat inside the transition region, where the transformed fraction x on crossing the PC-OC transition was calculated using
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SLOVENSKI ZNANSTVENIK RIJEŠIO JEDAN OD NAJVEĆIH PROBLEMA U ENERGETICI? Njegov bi izum mogao gospodarstvu donijeti velike uštede
Slovenski znanstvenik Matjaž Valant, voditelj laboratorija za istraživanje materijala i dekan Fakulteta za znanosti o okolišu iz Nove Gorice, patentirao je svoj izum pohranjivanja električne energije koji bi gospodarstvu mogao donijeti velike uštede. Kako piše ljubljansko "Delo", Valantov izum rješava jedan od najvećih problema u energetici, a to je neuravnoteženost proizvodnje i potrošnje, zbog koje u sustavu mora doći do povremenog energetskog balansiranja i gubitka električne energije. Ovaj izum, a riječ je zapravo o konceptu koji će se nastaviti razvojem i izradom prvog prototipa, taj problem rješava "pohranjivanjem energije u oksidacijsko-redukcijskom potencijalu čvrste tvari", navode slovenski mediji. Taj je postupak ekološki neutralan, ekonomski povoljan i omogućava trajno pohranjivanje energije s većom energetskom gustoćom od one koja se, primjerice, nalazi u fosilnim gorivima. Ugovor o prodaji patenta i njegovu korištenju Valant i sveučilište na kojemu radi potpisali su s privatnim poduzećem Institute CES sa sjedištem u Šmarješkim toplicama, a koje ima strane investitore. Ravnateljica te tvrtke Nina Gramc izjavila je da će Laboratorij za istraživanje materijala koje vodi Valant za njih izraditi prvi funkcionalan prototip baziran na Valantovom patentu pohranjivanja energije. Taj će prototip definirati sve važne tehnološke, energetske i ekonomske parametre ove tehnologije, kazala je Gramc,
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Križno lamelirano drvo (eng. Cross Laminated Timber – CLT) inovativni je pločasti proizvod slojevite strukture i izvrsnih fizikalno-mehaničkih svojstava. Zbog velike krutosti i nosivosti u ravnini i okomito na ravninu elementa najčešće se primjenjuje u obliku zidnih ili stropnih panela. Povoljna ekološka, estetska i energetska svojstva dodatno ga pospješuju. Tradicionalne drvene konstrukcije tijekom povijesti su se uglavnom izvodile kao lagani okvirni sustavi s linijskim elementima ograničenih raspona od punog drva. Početkom stoljeća čelik i beton su postali dostupniji i ekonomski isplativiji pa je drvo zamijenjeno armiranim betonom. Intenzitet i zanimanje za drvene konstrukcije ponovno su porasli tek sredinom 60-ih godina prošlog stoljeća pojavom proizvoda na bazi drva (eng. Engineered Wood Product - EWP). Proizvodi poput lijepljenog lameliranog drva - LLD (eng. Glued Laminated Timber - GLT) omogućili su gradnju složenijih i robusnijih linijskih konstrukcija većih raspona. Prvi pločasti proizvodi poput lijepljenih furnirskih ploča (eng. Laminated Veener Lumber - LVL) ili ploča vlaknatica (eng. Oriented Strand Board - OSB) našli su uglavnom primjenu kao sekundarni elementi u funkciji obloga i zaštita konstrukcije. Slijedom daljnjeg razvoja, sredinom 90-ih patentiran je novi pločasti kompozitni proizvod pod nazivom križno lamelirano drvo (eng. Cross Laminated Timber - CLT). CLT predstavlja kruti pločasti proizvod, sastavljen od odgovarajućeg broja slojeva (uglavnom neparnog 3, 5 ili 7), gdje je svaki sloj načinjen od dasaka/lamela položenih jedna do druge i pri čemu su daske susjednih slojeva uglavnom lijepljene pod kutom 90° jedna na drugu. Uslojena i optimizirana struktura omogućuje nosivost u ravnini i okomito na ravninu elementa s primjenom u obliku zidnih nosača i stropnih ploča. Odlikuju se visokim stupnjem predgotovljenosti pa je rad na gradilištu ubrzan i uključuje uglavnom montažu i spajanje pojedinih panela. S aspekta građevinske fizike, materijal se odlikuje izvrsnim energetskim svojstvima i velikim kapacitetom pohrane vlažnosti i toplinske energije. Mala vlastita težina olakšava mu temeljenje, a omogućuje i primjenu u seizmički aktivnim područjima.
Obradivost, vitkost i raznolika mogućnost izvedbe u panelima velikih dimenzija gotovo da ne stavljaju nikakva ograničenja arhitektonskom oblikovanju. Povoljna prirodna i ekološka svojstva praćena estetski lijepim površinama razlog su njegove povećane eksponiranosti u posljednjih nekoliko godina, o čemu svjedoče sve veće i kreativnije stambene i poslovne zgrade kao ponovni povratak drvenog materijala među gradske sredine. Osim u visokogradnji, CLT je vrlo prikladan i u mostogradnji, gdje se može primjenjivati samostalno ili u kombinaciji s drugim materijalima na bazi drva i/ili čelika u izvedbi rebrastih i/ili sandučastih nosača. Značajke CLT-a prepoznate su ubrzo i izvan granica Europe u zemljama poput Kanade ili SAD-a, ali isto tako i u zemljama izloženim učestalim seizmičkim aktivnostima poput Japana, Kine ili Novog Zelanda, što je posljednjih nekoliko godina rezultiralo progresivnim rastom njegove proizvodnje, s godišnjom stopom povećanja od 15 do 20 %.
Za ostvarenje punog potencijala potrebno je u doglednom vremenu intenzivirati rad na normizaciji i usklađivanju postojećih propisa i normi. Svojstva CLT-a isprva su bila definirana u nacionalnim (od 1998.), a od 2006. i u međunarodnim tehničkim odborima (eng. International European Technical Approval - ETA). Prva europska norma za CLT, EN16351 izdana je 2015. Međutim, njome su zasad regulirana samo ograničenja vezana za proizvodnju i izvedbu, pri čemu jedinstvenog postupka proračuna još uvijek nema. Postupak proračuna moguće je pronaći u nekim nacionalnim dodacima europske norme poput, iako ga sama europska norma za drvene konstrukcije EN 1995-1-1 (EC5). U međuvremenu, za proračun CLT-a inženjeri se služe raznim tehničkim propisima i specifikacijama koje izdaju proizvođači. Postoji i nekoliko knjiga i priručnika koji daju preporuke i postupke proračuna na osnovi rezultata velikog broja provedenih istraživanja, kao na primjer priručnik od Schickhofera iz 2010. ili Wallner-Novaka iz 2013. za primjenu u Europi te CLT-priručnici za kanadsko tržište i tržište SAD-a.
Općenito o postupku proizvodnje
Postupak i tehnologija proizvodnje CLT-a u mnogočemu je slična postupku kod LLD-a. Ugrubo bi se postupak proizvodnje mogao podijeliti na dva osnovna koraka:
- priprema i obrada osnovnog materijala
- slaganje i lijepljenje osnovnog materijala
Prvi korak proizvodnje: priprema i obrada osnovnog materijala
Prvi korak proizvodnje uključuje sušenje i klasifikaciju materijala, a zatim blanjanje, rezanje i uzdužno nastavljanje zupčastim spojevima. Osnovni materijal treba biti vlažnosti u granicama od 12 ± 2 % nakon čega se strojno ili vizualno klasificira prema npr. normi EN14081-1 19 ili DIN4074-1. Uobičajeno se za homogeni CLT presjek koristi klasa drva C24 sukladno normi EN 338 21, a u slučaju kombiniranog presjeka u okomitim slojevima dopušta se i slabija klasa C16/18. Uglavnom se primjenjuju meke vrste drva, pri čemu i lokalne vrste sa slabijim mehaničkim svojstvima također mogu biti odgovarajuće iskorištene. Po završetku klasifikacije materijala uzdužno se spajaju lamele izvedbom zupčastih spojeva jednake specifikacije i tehnike izvedbe kao i kod LLD nosača. Pojedini proizvođači nude mogućnost nastavljanja i čitavog CLT elementa izvedbom velikih zupčastih spojeva minimalne duljine 45 mm. Takvi se spojevi izvode na prethodno napravljenom CLT elementu i kod njih je potrebno uzeti u obzir i moguće smanjenje mehaničkih karakteristika. Kod izvedbe zupčastih spojeva potrebno je osigurati prikladno adhezivno sredstvo sukladno normi npr. EN 301 ili EN 15425 kao i tehničke zahtjeve za njegovo korištenje (vlažnost, temperaturu, količinu, trajanje i intenzitet pritiska pri nanošenju itd.). Preporuka je upotrebljavati adhezivna sredstva sličnih mehaničkih karakteristika osnovnom materijalu. Trenutačno se od ljepila najviše upotrebljava melanim-urea- formaldehid (MUF), jednokomponentno poliuretansko ljepilo (1K-PUR) ili emulzijsko polimerno izocijanitno ljepilo (EPI). Nakon izvedbe zupčastih spojeva obavlja se završno rezanje lamela na dimenzije potrebne za izradu CLT elementa.
Drugi korak proizvodnje: slaganje i lijepljenje osnovnog materijala
Drugi korak proizvodnje uključuje slaganje i lijepljenje prethodno obrađenih lamela u sastav CLT elementa. Načelno se kod proizvodnje razmaci među lamelama nastoje minimalizirati zbog zahtjeva fizike objekta (otpornosti na požar, zrakopropusnosti ili zvučne izolacije), estetike ili zbog same tehnike spajanja dasaka. Ipak, u mnogim tehničkim propisima među kojima je i norma EN 16351, dopuštene su maksimalne vrijednosti razmaka do 6 mm. U slučaju proizvodnje CLT elementa bez razmaka, pojedini proizvođači najprije izvode pojedinačne slojeve CLT elementa lijepljenjem uskih rubova lamela, nakon čega tako izvedene slojeve lijepe međusobno po širokim stranama u cjelovitost konačnog elementa. Ipak, doprinos od nanošenja ljepila po uskim stranama lamela je upitan i načelno je preporuka da se može zanemariti ili u najboljem slučaju ograničiti samo na unutarnje slojeve elementa. Razlog tomu je očekivana pojava nepravilnih pukotina na površini elementa kao posljedica skupljanja i bubrenja drva pri promjeni temperature i vlažnosti okoline. Ako postupak proizvodnje ne uključuje izvedbu pojedinačnih slojeva, onda se prethodno pripremljene lamele izravno slažu i lijepe samo po širokim stranama u cjelinu CLT elementa. Načelno se preporuke i zahtjevi koje daju proizvođači ljepila moraju slijediti gdje su najvažniji parametri poput tlaka lijepljenja, kvalitete, vlažnosti i debljine nanošenja ljepila vezani za iskustvo lijepljenja u LLD nosačima. U primjeni su iste vrste ljepila kao i kod izvedbe zupčastih spojeva. Lijepljenje dasaka ostvaruje se uz određeni tlak, pri čemu se hidrauličnim prešama doseže vrijednost od 0,10 do 1,0 N/mm², vakumskim prešama od 0,05 do 0,10 N/mm², a vijcima, klamficama i čavlima tlak u iznosu 0,01 do 0,20 N/mm². Ipak, propisima još uvijek nije regulirana jedinstvena vrijednost tlaka pri lijepljenju. Po završetku lijepljenja obavlja se završno rezanje u konačne dimenzije proizvoda. Također, prije isporuke na elementu se izvode sve potrebne korekcije vezane za geometriju. Takav finalizirani proizvod propisno se zaštićuje od vanjskih vremenskih utjecaja, čime je spreman za transport i ugradnju.
Dimenzioniranje CLT elemenata
Postupak dimenzioniranja CLT-a zasad nedostaje u europskoj normi EC5, osim u pojedinim nacionalnim dodatcima. Sada u Europi postoji i nekoliko priručnika kojima se regulira dimenzioniranje prateći poznati europski koncept pouzdanosti. S tim u skladu potrebno je definirati koeficijent sigurnosti materijala i koeficijent modifikacije svojstava kmod kako bi se dobile računske materijalne karakteristike materijala. Za CLT je predložen koeficijent sigurnosti materijala u iznosu 1,25, pri čemu se za vrijednosti modifikacijskog faktora kmod kojim se uzimaju u obzir mikroklima prostora i trajanje opterećenja predlažu iste vrijednosti kao i za puno drvo i LLD s ograničenjem primjene CLT-a na uporabnu klasu 1 i 2.
Požarna otpornost CLT-a
Dimenzioniranje na požarno opterećenje zasad se radi prema metodi reduciranog poprečnog presjeka, danoj u normi EN 1995-1-2 78. Metoda se bazira na određivanju dubine pougljenja dchar koja u slučaju CLT-a ovisi o nekoliko faktora:
- brzini pougljenja
- vrsti adhezivnog sredstva
- postojanju i vrsti protupožarne zaštite.
Definirane su dvije vrijednosti brzine pougljenja ovisno o tome postoje li razmaci među lamelama unutar slojeva nosača:
- za CLT bez razmaka, odnosno do maksimalno 2 mm razmaka vrijedi 0,65 mm/min
- za CLT s razmacima između 2 i 6 mm vrijedi 0,80 mm/ min.
Za CLT nosače izložene požaru i djelovanju okomito na ravninu elementa detaljnu su analizu i pregled stanja područja dali Klippel i ostali. Predložena je modificirana metoda proračuna "efektivnog poprečnog presjeka" koristeći termalno modificirani sloj materijala d0 čija vrijednost nije konstantna kao u metodi danoj u EN 1995-1-2. Na osnovi provedenih eksperimentalnih istraživanja Frangi i ostali dodatno ističu važnost odabira adhezivnog sredstva. Naime, kad se upotrebljavaju ljepila koja nisu otporna na visoke temperature uočeno je odvajanje nagorenog dijela nosača na mjestu lijepljenog kontakta među slojevima, pa je preporučeno u proračunu koristiti dvostruku vrijednost brzine pougljenja. Ipak, u slučaju CLT nosača opterećenih u ravnini elementa, takva pretpostavka ne vrijedi. Dodatna istraživanja radi definiranja brzine pougljenja i debljine termalno modificiranog sloja materijala do proveli su Schmidt i Fragiacomo. Pri tome se zaključilo kako u dogledno vrijeme treba raditi na optimizaciji vrijednosti d0, u pogledu zahtijevanog vremena požarne otpornosti CLT-a (30, 60 i 90 minuta) ili vezano za odabranu kompoziciju CLT-a (debljina, raspored i broj slojeva). U slučaju požarne otpornosti kod spojeva CLT nosača, stanje područja prikazali su Werther i ostali gdje je istaknuta ključna uloga spojeva u sprečavanju protoka topline tijekom osiguranja požarne otpornosti cjelokupne građevine.
Seizmička otpornost CLT-a
Velika krutost u ravnini elementa i relativno mala vlastita težina glavni su razlozi izvrsnog ponašanja CLT-a i kod seizmičkog djelovanja. Prema europskoj normi EN 1998-1-1 i postupku proračuna otpornosti na potres pomoću faktora ponašanja q, do sada su u svrhu njegova određivanja kod CLT-a provedena brojna eksperimentalna i numerička ispitivanja. Načelno bi to mogla biti ispitivanja na zidnim panelima i ispitivanja na čitavim CLT konstrukcijama. Ispitivanjem zidnih panela bavili su se Dujič, Ceccotti, Popovski. Seim i ostali, Flatscher i ostali, Gavrić i ostali, Tomasi i ostali. Pri tome je variran velik broj parametara od koji su najvažniji sljedeći:
- dimenzije, sastav i kompozicija CLT-a
- rubni uvjeti i vrsta spojeva
- eksperimentalna konfiguracija i način unosa opterećenja.
Općenito je zaključak taj da neovisno o sastavu, broju panela i kompoziciji CLT-a kapacitet nosivosti nije bio ograničen nosivošću materijala, već svaki put nosivošću i duktilnošću spojeva. Spojevi su u većini slučajeva izvođeni kao točkasti ili linijski pomoću kutnih metalnih pločica i držača u kombinaciji sa spojnim sredstvima poput čavala, vijaka ili samobušećih vijaka za drvo. Spojevi su se pokazali kritičnim i kod seizmičke otpornosti hibridnih sustava CLT-nosivo staklo. Radi dimenzioniranja i optimiziranja spojeva, dosad su mnoga istraživanja, kako za normalne tako i za seizmičke proračunske situacije, proveli Uibel i ostali 94, Schneider i ostali 95, Ringhofer i ostali 96, Gavrić i ostali 97, 98 i Izzija i ostali 99. Osim primjene standardnih tipova spojeva, u posljednje vrijeme provedeno je i nekoliko istraživanja na inovativnim novim vrstama spojeva koji su pokazali visok potencijal primjene (Kraler i ostali i Polastri i ostali). Općenito ponašanje čitavih CLT konstrukcija ispitivali su dosad na potresnim stolovima u sklopu projekta SOFIE (Sistema Costruttivo Fiemme) Ceccotti i ostali, a u sklopu projekta SERIES (eng. Seismic Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies) Flatscher i Schickhofer. Na osnovi takvih ispitivanja predložen je faktor ponašanja CLT-a q u vrijednosti između 2,0 i 3,0. Bez obzira na razlike među ispitanim eksperimentalnim modelima, u oba slučaja se utjecaj spojeva pokazao kritičnim parametrom nosivosti. Stoga, ako ne postoje podaci o korištenim spojnim sredstvima i načinu izvođenja spojeva, preporučuje se ipak niža vrijednost faktora ponašanja q u iznosu 2,0.
Otvorena i nedovoljno istražena područja
Iako je dosad provedeno mnogo istraživanja vezano za različite proračunske situacije CLT-a, još uvijek postoji nekoliko otvorenih ili slabo istraženih područja, među kojima su neka vezana za specifična djelovanja, a neka za specifične konfiguracije i sastav CLT-a kako slijedi:
- koncentrirana opterećenja na CLT pločama
- koncentrirana opterećenja na CLT zidnim nosačima
- rebrasti stropovi kao kompoziti CLT i GLT nosača
- veliki otvori u CLT zidnim i stropnim nosačima
- otvori i zasjeci u CLT grednim nosačima
- heterogeni sastavi CLT-a uz primjenu tvrdih vrsta drva
- problemi stabilnosti
- spojevi i ojačanja
- interakcije naprezanja.
Zaključak
Inovativni kompozitni proizvod poput CLT-a nedvojbeno je u posljednjih desetak godina najviše doprinio popularizaciji i povećanoj uporabi drvenih konstrukcija, mijenjajući tradicionalno uvriježene linijske sustave novim i modernim punostjenim oblicima. Uzimajući u obzir dosadašnji razvoj kao i povećani interes svih sudionika gradnje, u skoroj budućnosti očekuje se daljnja globalizacija CLT- a uz dodatno jačanje utjecaja i u izvaneuropskim zemljama poput Kanade, SAD-a i Japana. Stoga je za ostvarenje punog potencijala CLT-a u doglednom vremenu potrebno ostvariti dodatne napore na njegovoj normizaciji, uključujući usklađivanje postojećih propisa vezanih za proizvodnju, referentna ispitivanja, postupak proračuna, rješenje detalja, izvedbu objekta i u konačnici njegovu upotrebu. S aspekta proizvodnje očekuje se daljnje usklađivanje među proizvođačima koje bi u budućnosti rezultiralo normiziranim predgotovljenim modularnim elementima. Vezano za mehaničke karakteristike, posljednjih godina intenziviran je rad na utvrđivanju njihovih referentnih vrijednosti i referentnih postupaka ispitivanja. Nedavno izdana europska norma EN 16351 daje samo dio postupaka ispitivanja, ali bez referentnih vrijednosti. U doglednom vremenu potiče se daljnji rad na definiraju pojedinih razreda čvrstoće CLT-a. Hibridne sustave namijenjene optimizaciji CLT-a primjenom tvrdih vrsta ili lokalnih mekih vrsta drva također treba normirati jer su pokazali na ograničenom broju ispitivanja velike mogućnosti primjene. S aspekta proračuna CLT-a, u budućoj verziji europske norme za drvene konstrukcije Eurokod 5 (EN 1995-x-x) koja je upravo na reviziji, očekuje se uključivanje CLT-a s postupkom proračuna na sva mjerodavna stanja naprezanja od djelovanja u ravnini i okomito na ravninu elementa. U međuvremenu je potrebno poraditi na još nekoliko otvorenih ili nedovoljno istraženih područja. Posebno pri tome treba obratiti pažnju na spojeve, koji najčešće određuju ponašanje čitave konstrukcije, i to posebno u izvanrednim proračunskim situacijama poput potresa ili požara. Ističe se i nedostatak adekvatnog tipa spoja prilagođenog CLT elementu, jer su dosad uglavnom upotrebljavani točkasti tipovi poput metalnih kutnih L- profila preuzetih od okvirnih drvenih sustava. Uporabljivost i vibracije kod CLT-a također su otvoreno pitanje i malo je provedenih istraživanja posebno kod primjene u visokim zgradama. Sadašnji propisi i ograničenja nisu dovoljni i traže dopunu. Vremenske prilike poput vlažnosti, puzanja i skupljanja CLT-a također imaju velik utjecaj, a u nedostatku provedenih istraživanja uglavnom im se propisuju vrijednosti drugih sličnih materijala. Ponašanje u izvanrednim situacijama poput potresa ili požara dosad je provedeno uglavnom na pojedinim individualnim elementima te je stoga upitno u kojoj se mjeri ono može preslikati na čitavu CLT konstrukciju. Spoznaje o ponašanju spojeva na kontaktu zidova i ploča pri tome su od iznimne važnosti, a zasad nedostaju. Zaključno gledano, inovativni kompozit poput CLT- a pridonosi razvitku i proširenju mogućnosti gradnje ne samo drvenih konstrukcija već i općenito čitavoga graditeljskog sektora. Zasad se njegove mogućnosti najviše ostvaruju u primjeni kod ekološki i energetski učinkovitih višeetažnih stambenih i poslovnih zgrada. Na taj način CLT kao predstavnik drvenih konstrukcija nudi kvalitetno alternativno rješenje betonskim ili zidanim konstrukcijama, čime se u skoroj budućnosti očekuje dodatno jačanje njegove pozicije.
www.građevinar.hr
Kao što sažetak studije objašnjava:
“Otkrili smo trajno i rasprostranjeno povećanje integrirane vegatacije LAI (ozelenjivanja) u određenom razdoblja na području 25% do 50% globalne vegetacije. Faktorske simulacije s više globalnih modela ekosustava ukazuju na to da učinci gnojidbe uz pomoć CO2 objašnjavaju porast od 70% promatranog trenda ozelenjavanja. Drugim riječima, planeta postaje sve zelenija, a za to možem zahvaliti rastućoj razini CO2, budući da su rastuće razine CO2 uzrokovale oko 70% porasta zelenila širom planeta, tvrde znanstvenici. Čitatelji alternativnih medija primjećuju da je to upravo ono o čemu su ih obavještavali već više od deset godina. To je osnovna znanost, naravno, budući da biljke koriste ugljični-dioksid da bi napredovale, rasle i razvijale se. Veće razine CO2 stvaraju zeleniju Zemlju, budući da je CO2 najvažnija molekula za održavanje biljnog svijeta na Zemlji. Nevjerovatno je da cijeli kult klimatskih promjena negira temeljnu znanost o botanici i fotosintezi.
NASA potvrđuje nalaze i čak je objavila videozapis o povećanju globalnog ozelenjavanja zbog porasta CO2. Na šok mnogih alarmista i aktivista klimatskih promjena, čak su i znanstvenici NASA-e potvrdili da ugljični-dioksid “ozelenjava” planet. Kao što je navedeno na NASA.gov web stranici u članku pod naslovom, “Oplemenjivanje i ozelenjavanje Zemlje uz pomoć ugljičnog dioksida, studija pronalazi”: “Od četvrtine do polovice površina Zemlje u istraživanju pokazalo je značajno ozelenjavanje tijekom posljednjih 35 godina uglavnom zbog porasta razine ugljičnog dioksida u atmosferi, pokazuje nova studija objavljena u časopisu Nature Climate Change 25. travnja.” “Međunarodni tim od 32 autora iz 24 ustanove u osam zemalja vodio je istraživanje, koje je uključivalo korištenje satelitskih podataka NASA-inog spektrometra umjerene rezolucije te Nacionalne oceanometarske i atmosferske radiometarske instrumente kako bi se odredio indeks površine zelenog lišća ili količina pokrova listova, iznad vegetacijske regije.” NASA objašnjava gotovo točno ono što se pokušava objasniti građanima Zemlje zadnjih nekoliko godina: Da je ugljični-dioksid neophodna komponenta fotosinteze za biokemijski proces kojim biljke proizvode metaboličku energiju.
NASA dodaje:
“Zeleno lišće koristi energiju sunčevog svjetla kroz fotosintezu kako bi kemijski kombiniralo ugljični-dioksid izvučen iz zraka s vodom i hranjivim tvarima koje se izvlače iz tla kako bi se proizvelo šećere, koji su glavni izvor hrane, vlakana i goriva za život na Zemlji. Istraživanja su pokazala da povećane koncentracije ugljičnog-dioksida povećavaju fotosintezu i potiču rast biljaka.” “Rezultati su pokazali da “gnojidba” ugljičnim-dioksidom uzrokuje 70-postotni porast ozelenjavanja”, rekao je koautor studije Ranga Myneni, profesor na Odjelu za Zemlju i okoliš na Bostonskom sveučilištu.” NASA je čak objavila videozapis na kojem gotovo točno odražava poruku koju zagovaraju alternativni mediji godinama. Videozapis nosi naslov: “Rastuće razine CO2 ozelenjavaju Zemlju”
Novi-Svjetski-Poredak.com
NEW YORK TIMES doslovno izjavio da je ‘rast biljaka’ na Zemlji uz pomoć CO2 – strašna stvar!
Sve maske su pale. Alarmisti klimatskih promjena u mainstream medijima otkrivaju svoje prave motive. Novo izvješće koje je napisao Carl Zimmer iz New York Timesa sugerira da je proces “ozelenjavanja” Zemlje sa CO2 strašna stvar koja se mora preokrenuti. U članku se tvrdi da je “globalno ozelenjavanje” uz pomoć emisija ugljičnog dioksida, “strašno” na duge staze. Biljke ne smiju slobodno rasti s obilnom količinom ugljičnog dioksida u atmosferi. Očito, borba protiv “klimatskih promjena” zapravo je varljiva priča o iskorjenjivanju neophodnog spoja (CO2), tako da biljni život počne propadati i planet postane pust i prazan. Alarmisti klimatskih promjena su proglasili ugljični-dioksid jednom vrstom zagađivača, iako sadrži dvije od najvažnijih molekula za sam život. Ako bi se razine ugljika smanjile na gotovo nulu, planet bi postao hladan i / ili sušan, neplodan, depopuliran, siromašan hranjivim tvarima, siromašan raznovrsnošću hrane i konačno sa manjkom kisika. Ovo je vrsta planeta kojeg Carl Zimmer zagovara?
Zašto oni pokušavaju ubiti život na Zemlji?
Borba protiv “klimatskih promjena” također je zavjera kojom se manipulira i mijenja Zemljina klima na načine koji pogoduju određenim industrijama, i na načine koji kontroliraju stanovništvo. Prirodni rast atmosferskog CO2 je koristan za rast biljaka, što u konačnici potiče proizvodnju hrane i povratak kisika u atmosferu. Međutim, Carl Zimmer iz New York Timesa napisao je 30. srpnja kako “porast razine CO2 čini svijet zelenijim, ali to nije ništa što bi trebali slaviti.” Zimmer zagovara kontrolu emisija CO2 kako bi se klima mogla manipulirati i kontrolirati. Zastupnici klimatskih promjena kao što je Zimmer zapravo su za “klimatske promjene”, jer žele manipulirati Zemljinom klimom kako njima najbolje odgovara. Zimmer ne želi vidjeti da biljke rastu na područjima gdje su nekada bile rijetke. Zbog porasta razine CO2 u prošlom stoljeću, biljke su rasle brže od bilo kojeg drugog vremena u proteklih 54.000 godina. To je donijelo nevjerojatno obilje života i ekosustava. No, svatko tko se ne slaže s Zimmerom smatra se “demantičarom klime” jer pokušava spriječiti “znanstveni napredak”. Drugi su prihvatili ideju o rastu razine CO2, jer bi to prirodno pomoglo da planet ponovno zazeleni. Bivši suosnivač Greenpeacea Patrick Moore tvrdi da svijet treba više CO2. Zemlja ima teorijski nedovoljno CO2 u odnosu na prošla geološka razdoblja, kada je biljni život eksplodirao. Moore je kritizirao Zimmer i New York Times zbog njihove tvrdnje. Moore piše da bi razina CO2 trebala biti veća: “800-1200 ppm CO2 je optimalno. Bile su niže razine tijekom pleistocena nego bilo kada u povijesti Zemlje.” Također je poznata činjenica da biljke doživljavaju ogroman rast kad se CO2 upumpava u staklenik. Budući da biljke sintetiziraju svoje vlastite lijekove, potreban je vrlo važan element za stvaranje veza za proizvodnju fitokemikalija i vitamina. Na primjer, vitamin C se stvara iz vodika i kisika, a sve njih vežu ugljikove veze. Ugljik je toliko uobičajen u kemiji da čak nije označen molekulskim formulama. Lišće, stablo, voće, kora i nutritivni spojevi koji dolaze iz biljnog života ovise o korištenju ugljičnog dioksida iz Zemljine atmosfere. Neobičan rat protiv ugljika nije samo rat protiv raznolikosti, nezavisnosti i obilje hrane, nego je i rat protiv prirodne medicine, prehrane i superhrane koja liječi.
NoviSvjetskiPoredak.com
www.gradnja.rs
www.gradnja.rs
Također, poziv se upućuje pravnim i fizičkim osobama zainsteresiranim za:
* Prodaju projekata neintegriranih (samostojećih) sunčanih elektrana u razvoju, snage uključivo i veće od 2 MW. Prednost pri odabiru, imat će Partneri koji imaju ishođenu pravovaljanu građevinsku dozvolu, lokacije koje imaju veći broj sunčanih sati i lokacije s boljim mikrolokacijskim uvjetima. U razmatranje će se uzeti Partneri koji imaju minimalno ishođenu lokacijsku dozvolu.
* Prodaju projekata vjetroelektrana u razvoju. Prednost pri odabiru imat će Partneri koji imaju ishođenu pravovaljanu građevinsku dozvolu i lokacije s više od 2.500 sati rada godišnje. U razmatranje će se uzeti Partneri koji imaju minimalno ishođenu lokacijsku dozvolu.
* Prodaju projekata vjetroelektrana u pogonu. Prednost pri odabiru imat će lokacije s više od 2.500 sati rada godišnje.
* Prodaju projekata hidroelektrana u razvoju, snage uključivo i veće od 1 MW. Prednost pri odabiru imat će Partneri koji imaju ishođenu pravovaljanu građevinsku dozvolu. U razmatranje će se uzeti Partneri koji imaju minimalno ishođenu lokacijsku dozvolu.
* Prodaju projekata hidroelektrana u pogonu, snage uključivo i veće od 1 MW.
Nakon primitka Pisma namjere s osnovnim podacima i obavljene preliminarne evaluacije projekata, HEP će odabranim partnerima uputiti zahtjev za slanjem detaljnijih informacija. HEP je otvoren za detaljnije informacije.
www.energetika-net.com
HEP započinje gradnju nekoliko velikih sunčanih elektrana
www.energetika-net.com
VBM seems to explain the non-decaying spin of the electron and the infinite sustainable universal energy. It provides a mathematical model from which the famous energy torus can be constructed and to quote Marko Rodin, its creator, it is the Mathematical Fingerprint of God. If this is true, then we should be able to apply it to sound to find some harmonic tuning systems or scales that resonate with the mathematics of the universe.
Vortex Based Mathematics transcends our myopic quantitative understanding for the way Number operates in our holographic universe. Numbers are not just mere quantities. Each has its own unique quality, archetype, and behavior. Vortex Based Math (VBM) is the study of Number in and of itself. Numeronomy as opposed to Numerology. The bedrock of the Quadrivium, Number structures our conceptual waking reality. As Pythagoras once so aptly put it, “All is Number”.
Number was not invented, but discovered. We use commonly agreed upon symbols to represent quantities. The symbol we use for one of something is 1, for two of something is 2, and so on. It’s not like we made up the concept of one and two, this is inherent in our reality. We merely assigned symbols to represent these universally conceptual understandings of quantity, which intrinsically contain quality.
This study of number behavior is called ‘Numeronomy’ in contradistinction to Numerology, whereas Numerology finds patterns and correlations in numbers through subjective means, Numeronomy finds patterns and correlations in the interrelationships between Numbers themselves. This difference can be likened to the difference between astrology and astronomy, the former looks at the effects of celestial bodies from a subjective standpoint (from our point of view) while the latter gains knowledge of the interrelationships between the planets through study of the motions of the planets themselves. -TreeIncarnation
In his pursuit to understand the most great name of God in the Bahai’ faith, a man named Marko Rodin discovered this new qualitative form of mathematics. 40 years later there are pioneers in the field such as Randy Powell, Tyler W Thurmond, Rhuben Neal, Anthony Morris, Robert Hutchings, and Daniel & Erica Nunez that are driving the science into practical application and making leaps and bounds into this great lost art.
VBM analyzes the deeper qualitative aspects of Number. There is a certain quality to each number. 3 has a certain “threeness” to it, a trinity. Three relates to two dimensions, since you need exactly three sides to make the simplest linear shape, a triangle. Four has its own qualities that relate to three-dimensional space. The tetrahedron is the simplest platonic form. Tetra means four, which refers to its number of sides(hedra).
The fact that there are a certain number of perfect solids, five, each with its own numerical qualities in its geometry, proves to me that Number could not possibly be something man made. The Platonic solids were not invented. You can prove this to yourself by attempting to make as many 3-D shapes as possible that all satisfy the prerequisites to be called Platonic solids.
Mathematics as we know it today is only a tool to symbolize quantities. Vortex-Based Mathematics (VBM) is different because it is a dynamic math that shows the relationships and thus the qualities of numbers rather than the quantities. Numbers are Real and Alive not merely symbols for other things. You will discover that the relationships between numbers are not random or man-made but that numbers are actually elementary particles of which everything is composed. This lost knowledge was well-known to our ancients and is now being uncovered for us today. Gradually you will come to see numbers in a simple yet profoundly perfect three-dimensional matrix grid pattern that forms the shape of a torus.
I would say it like this; everything is trinary in truth and binary in illusion, the decimal system has a left and right side (0.0) only as a result of the point in the centre which is the third “invisible” part that creates the “binary”. One side is macro, one side is micro. The point in the centre is where you are. The centre of radiant consciousness. The third point. The point of awareness that perceives space-time subjectively, dualistically, in order to have an “experience” of separation from the ALL. Number systems are the closest thing we have outside of experience directly of raw energy, the prime power of the matrix construct. Since numbers can be used to understand and view geometry, sound, light and dynamics they are primary to all things in terms of a tool of creation. The next would geometry..” -Rhuben Neal (Barbitone)
The Ancients understood and implemented the axiom of ‘All is Number’ for which Plato later espoused thousands of years later. Over the centuries researchers have uncovered some of this lost wisdom. Realizing their responsibility to preserve and pass down this esoteric knowledge, certain authors dedicate their lives to this lost art. Luckily for humanity, altruism is an embryonic virtue; and the love of wisdom, engrained in the philosophy of man.
“Ancient science was based like that of today on number, but whereas number is now used in the quantitative sense for secular purposes, the ancients regarded numbers as symbols of the universe, finding parallels between the inherent structure of number and all types of form and motion.
Theirs was a very different view of the world from which now obtains. They inhabited a living universe, a creature of divine fabrication, designed in accordance with reason and thus to some extent comprehension by the human mind.
The special regard paid to mathematical studies in the ancient world arose from the understanding that number is the mean term in the progression from divine reason to its imperfect reflection in humanity. At some very early period, by a process quite beyond explanation, certain groups of numbers were brought together and codified. Thus was created that numerical standard, or canon of proportion, which was at the root of all ancient cultures and was everywhere attributed to some form of miraculous revelation.
It was taken to be the nucleus and activating principle of numbers generally, a summary of all the types of progressions and relationships which occur within the field of number and thus a faithful image of the numerically created universe.
In the Known civilizations of antiquity, as China, Babylon and Egypt, the canon of number was venerated as the source of all knowledge and a guide to rightful conduct. Its influence extended from art and music to affairs of state. Every branch of science expressed its theories and observations in terms of that small group of numbers that is the canon.
One numerical code has fashioned the whole of ancient mathematics, music, astronomy, chronology, metrology and every variety of craft. It has left its mark on every relic and tradition of ancient cultures. There is nothing artificial about it, for the conclusion to these researches is that the various orders of natural phenomena do indeed conform to certain similar patterns of number, which provide a framework of number itself.”
The process of reducing a number down to one digit is called many names and is common practice not only in numerology but also in mainstream science. Buckminster Fuller called this subset of math ‘integrated digits’ or ‘indig 9′. It is also recognized in computer science. They call it a ‘digital root’ or ‘digital sum’ or ‘quantum bit’. This process has also been called Kabbalistic reduction or Pythagorean addition. Some other names for this practice include: decimal parity, quantum numerology, theosophical addition, indig , integrated digit, indig 9, modulo nine arithmetic,consecutive summation, distillation, number essence, reduced ordinal values, horizontal addition, and numeric reduction.
Nine in Space and Time
As a student of Marko Rodin, Randy Powell began his own journey exploring the synchromystic behaviour of number and patterns in the realms of the numeric matrix. As a pioneer in the field, he has helped others awaken to the possibility that there exists an underlying pattern in the way reality operates. This pattern, intrinsic to the fabric of time and space, pervades the entire universe, forever giving credence to a negentropic and intelligent creative force behind life.
Ancient vedic yogis and egyptian philosophers conceptualized Number from zero to nine in deep meditation. Nine was the tipping off point, the number every civilization decided to start over with a new glyph, character, or symbol. They discovered reality itself operates in base-10 in the way it is conceptually organized. (Remember there are Nine numbers in Base-10, Zero is the absence of Number)
Nine is the unsurpassable limit, the utmost bound, the ultimate extension to which the archetypal principles of number can reach and manifest themselves in the world. The ancient Greeks called nine “the horizon,” as it lies at the edge of the shore before the boundless ocean of numbers that repeat in endless cycles the principles of the first nine digits. Nothing lies beyond the principles of nine, which the Greeks called the Ennead. – Michael Schneider
Expanding on the work of Marko Rodin, Randy Powell explains vortex math and the ABHA Torus from the beginning. Randy says with Vortex-Based Mathematics we will be able to see how energy is expressing itself mathematically. This math has no anomalies and shows the dimensional shape and function of the universe as being a toroid or donut-shaped black hole. He says this is the template for the universe and it is all within our base ten decimal system. He also shares his take on black holes, God, creation and information. In the second hour, we discuss how Vortex-Based Mathematics is universally applicable in mathematics, science, biology, medicine, genetics, astronomy, chemistry, physics and computer science. Randy speculates that it could lead to incredible breakthroughs, including free energy technologies and artificial intelligence. He’ll explain how the Vortex Coil works. Later, we talk about tapping into the “9” and how math proves there is a will, a plan for us. -Henrik Palmgren
Below is the doubling and halving sequence found in the Ennead, as explained by Marko Rodin and Randy Powell.
Dividing a circle into nine parts is an easy way to see how VBM relates to 360º in a circle. This superior highly composite number(a number highly divisible) syncs with VBM, base-10 math, and the decimal system. Let’s see how..
Dividing a circle into nine parts is an easy way to see how VBM relates to 360º in a circle. This superior highly composite number(a number highly divisible) syncs with VBM, base-10 math, and the decimal system. Let’s see how..
divide a circle into 9 parts. 360/9 = 40, so each dot is 40 degrees. We will assign degrees going counter-clockwise, 0 – 360 (We’ll find out later why we don’t go clockwise).
Find the digital root of each measured degree. 320 becomes 5 because 3+2+0=5. 280 becomes 1 because 2+8+0=10, and 1+0=1. This process, while popular in new age circles and numerology, is also a verifiable form of math that’s commonplace in universities worldwide.
Now if we take the digital root of the multiplication series of 4 and 5 and arrange them around a circle we can see they correspond to the appropriate angle. The multiplication table of 4 goes counter-clockwise, and for 5, it syncs with the angles going clockwise.
In addition(if you don’t mind the pun), you’ll notice that the 1,2,4,8,7,5 doubling sequence remains unbroken. This is the reason we first assigned the degrees going counter-clockwise. It doesn’t work the other way. As Randy points out in his videos, you can’t reverse the circuit to go the other direction. This reminds me of the way energy naturally flows in a dual torus, implosion and explosion, always balanced, and always spinning a certain direction. In this way VBM naturally aligns with the work of Walter Russell and Viktor Schauberger.
The 1,2,4,8,7(16),5(32) circuit as shown as it operates with the numbers ordered the regular way. This pattern represents electricity; the 3,6,9 pattern (shown in purple below) represents magnetism.
These three numbers missing from this sequence brings to mind the famous quote attributed to the great Nikola Tesla.
If you only knew the magnificence of the 3, 6 and 9, then you would have a key to the Universe” -Nikola Tesla
John C. Keely summed it up, “Vibrations of ‘thirds, sixths, and ninths’, were extraordinarily powerful”.
There is more to numbers than the mere quantities we assign them. Numbers are alive. They structure our waking reality. All the great mystics and philosophers throughout the ages understood this numeric universe. It won’t be long until we are able to manufacture energy and reshape our world the way nature intended, through implosion rather than explosion.
The principles of Vortex Math and the underlying ideologies of this forgotten science are resurfacing. This lost numerical art is a portal to understanding the nature of reality, and the psychological implications gained from such introspection are paramount to the evolution of the world soul.
Nine holds within it a powerful resonance within our holofractographic, base-10 reality. Nine is the largest number in the decimal system. Nine is really the largest number of all, as every other number thereafter is a reflection of the Ennead, expressing itself in scalar expansions and contractions of 10.
10 is not a number, but more of a concept, or you could say it’s Nature’s way of organizing herself. The Pythagoreans considered there to be only 7 numbers in reality. Unity and duality, 1 and 2, were not considered numbers. Numbers began at three and ended at the most auspicious of all, NINE.
Go to Nine is Space and Time
Ancient mathematical philosophers called NINE the “finishing post” and “that which brings completion”. – Michael Schneider – ‘A Beginner’s Guide to Constructing the Universe’
Ten is the combination of something with nothing. The one is borrowed from the Ennead with the addition of zero to organize all numbers with this built-in qualitative invariance in their expansion and contraction. In other words 432,000, the number of years in the Kali Yuga (a time cycle in the Vedic tradition) has the same meaning and symbolism as 43,200, the number of seconds on the face of a clock, and the Great Pyramid’s expansion factor in relation to Earth’s northern hemisphere.
The numbers may vary by the total amount of zeros, but their qualitative expression remains the same no matter how big or small.
The process of reducing a number down to one digit is called many names and is common practice not only in numerology but also in mainstream science. The great geometric genius (alliteration aside) of the 20th Century, Buckminster Fuller, called this subset of math ‘integrated digits’ or ‘indig 9’. It is also recognized in computer science. They call it a ‘digital root’ or ‘digital sum’ or ‘quantum bit’. This process has also been called Kabbalistic reduction or Pythagorean addition. Some other names for this practice include: decimal parity, quantum numerology, theosophical addition, indig , integrated digit, indig 9, modulo nine arithmetic,consecutive summation, distillation, number essence, reduced ordinal values, horizontal addition, and numeric reduction.
55 has a digital root of 1 because 5+5=10, and 1+0= 1 456 Kabbalistically reduces to 6, since 4+5+6= 15 , and 1+5= 6
This technique is the key to Vortex Based Mathematics as it shows the underlying numeric patterns to reality. In Medieval times they called this ‘casting out nines’ since if you disregard the NINES, you will get the same digital root
If you only knew the magnificence of the 3, 6 and 9, then you would have a key to the universe” -accredited to Nikola Tesla
I. Gurdjieff was an influential spiritual teacher in the mid-20th century who taught that most humans live their lives in a state of hypnotic “waking sleep”, but that it is possible to transcend to a higher state of consciousness and achieve full human potential, otherwise known as the ‘Great Work’. Alchemy, as it seems, is more than just about turning lead into gold
Gurdjieff’s taught the fundamental law of three forces and the law of the sevenfold development of energy (the Law of Octaves), and the interrelation of these laws as expressed in the symbol of the enneagram. The Law of Seven is described as “the first fundamental cosmic law” that explains the many processes in Nature. The Law of Three is “the second fundamental cosmic law” and explains why so many things occur in threes. Positive-negative-neutral, past-present-future, length-width-depth, solid-liquid-gas, etc, etc. Gurdjieff said the three centers in a human were the Intellectual Centre, the Emotional Centre and the Moving Centre.
Expanding upon the work of Edward Leedskalnin, Jon Depew’s work at CoralCastleCode.com highly resonates with Gurdjieff’s Law of Three.
The fraction 1/7 = .142857142857.’ Presented as a continuous path within a nine-pointed circle. Seven is the only number that divides into unity leaving a repeating trail of different digits
A man may be quite alone in the desert and he can trace the enneagram in the sand and in it read the eternal laws of the universe . . . If two men who have been in different schools meet, they will draw the enneagram and with its help they will be able at once to establish which of them knows more. -P. D.Ouspensky (?-1947, Russian mathematician, writer, student of G. I. Gurdjieff)
Nine is the unsurpassable limit, the utmost bound, the ultimate extension to which the archetypal principles of number can reach and manifest themselves in the world. The ancient Greeks called nine “the horizon,” as it lies at the edge of the shore before the boundless ocean of numbers that repeat in endless cycles the principles of the first nine digits. Nothing lies beyond the principles of nine, which the Greeks called the Ennead. – Michael Schneider
Like many other mystery schools the Odinic Mysteries was destroyed by Christianity but the underlying cause of their fall was the corruption of the priesthood. These teachings were given in underground crypts or caves. These NINE chambers representing the Nine Worlds of the Mysteries.
The Nordic Mysteries were given in nine chambers, or caverns, the candidate advancing through them in sequential order. These chambers of initiation represented the nine spheres into which the Drottars divided the universe: (1) Asgard, the Heaven World of the Gods; (2) Alf-heim, the World of the light and beautiful Elves, or Spirits; (3) Nifl-heim, the World of Cold and Darkness, which is located in the North; (4) Jotun-heim, the World of the Giants, which is located in the East; (5) Midgard, the Earth World of human beings, which is located in the midst, or middle place; (6) Vana-heim, the World of the Vanes, which is located in the West; (7) Muspells-heim, the World of Fire, which is located in the South; 8) Svart-alfa-heim, the World of the dark and treacherous Elves, which is under the earth; and (9) Hel-heim, the World of cold and the abode of the dead, which is located at the very lowest point of the universe. It is to be understood that all of these worlds are invisible to the senses, except Midgard, the home of human creatures, but during the process of initiation the soul of the candidate–liberated from its earthly sheath by the secret power of the priests–wanders amidst the inhabitants of these various spheres. There is undoubtedly a relationship between the nine worlds of the Scandinavians and the nine spheres, or planes, through which initiates of the Eleusinian Mysteries passed in their ritual of regeneration. -Manly P. Hall
The Egyptians highly revered the power of NINE. The Ennead, or company of nine gods and goddesses, represents archetypal principles that regulate and rule the cosmos through the law of Number.
The multiplication table shows the divine symmetry bestowed upon the numbers themselves. Mortal men might not have been clever enough to devise a system that works so beautifully. Our base-10 decimal system, encapsulated by the ineffable NINE, and encoded in our natural world, is not a system designed by man, but formulated by the mind of an intelligent creator.
The source of the great esteem in which the ancients held the Ennead as the principle of completion,achievement,and the end of a cycle can be found in the arithmetic properties of the number nine. The best example is the familiar multiplication table, which we force children to memorize without an understanding of its inner structure. On its surface the multiplication table appears to be a random grouping of digits. But it is actually a map of the cross-fertilization of mathematical principles. – Michael Schneider
NINE is encoded into many of the measurements of space and time
1 sq ft: 144 inches = 9 1 cubic ft: 1728 cubic inches = 9 1 square yard: 1296 inches = 9 1 cubic yard: 46,656 cubic inches = 9
86400 secs/day = 9 3600 secs/hour = 9 604800 secs/week = 9 1440 mins/day = 9 10080 mins/week = 9 25920 years/precesion = 9 525600 minutes/year = 9
The Ancients understood the importance of NINE and hid it in the cycles of time:
Precessional cycle 25920 = 9 Maya number for the precession 25956 = 9 Maya companion number 1366560 = 9 Maya long-count period (days) = 9 Ancient kemi number 1296000 = 9 Plato’s ‘perfect number’ (1x2x3x4x5x6x7 = 5040) = 9
The 4 Hindu Yugas (ages) Satya Yuga 1,728,000 = 9 Treta Yuga 1,296,000 = 9 Dvapara Yuga 864,000 = 9 Kali Yuga 432,000 = 9
Sumerian King List (Sumerian mythology)
Aloros – Babylon – 36,000 years = 9 Alulim – Eridu- 28,800 years = 9 Alaparos – Unknown 10,800 = 9 Amelon – Pautibiblon 46,800 = 9 Ammenon – Pautibiblon 43,200 = 9 Amegalaros – Pautibiblon 64,800 = 9 Daonos – Pautibiblon 36,000 = 9 Euedorachos – Pautibiblon 64,800 = 9 Amempsinos – Laragchos 36,000 = 9 Otiartes – Laragchos 28,800 = 9 Xisouthros – Unknown 64,800 = 9
The Platonic solids
Tetrahedron = 4 sides of a total of 180 degrees = 720 degrees = 9 Octohedron- 1440 degrees = 9 Hexahedron (cube) – 6 sides of 360 = 2160 degrees = 9 Icosohedron – 20 sides of 180 = 3600 degrees = 9 Dodecahedron 12 sides of 540 = 6480 degrees = 9
NINE in Geometry: Total Angles of Shapes Triangle 60° x3 180° = 9 Square 90° x4 360° = 9 Pentagon 108° x5 540° = 9 Hexagon 120° x6 360° = 9 Heptagon 128.571° (n/a) Octagon 135° x8 1080° = 9 Nonagon 140° x9 1260°= 9 Decagon 144° x10 3600°= 9 Hendacadon 147.273° (n/a) Dodecagon 150° x12 1800°= 9
These numbers and geometries always reduce to NINE because the number of degrees in a circle is 360. Since 360 has a digital root of NINE (3+6+0=9) any number multiplied by it also reduces to NINE.
For example: 360 x 4.12 = 1483.2 (1+4+8+3+2=9)
Mathematics as we know it today is only a tool to symbolize quantities. Vortex-Based Mathematics (VBM) is completely different because it is a dynamic math that shows the relationships and thus the qualities of numbers rather than the quantities.
Marko studied all the world's great religions. He decided to take The Most Great Name of Bahaullah (prophet of the Bahai Faith) which is Abha and convert it into numbers. He did this in an effort to discover the true precise mystical intonation of The Most Great Name of God. Since the Bahai sacred scripture was originally written in Persian and Arabic, Marko used the Abjad numerical notation system for this letter to number translation. This was a sacred system of allocating a unique numerical value to each letter of the 27 letters of the alphabet so that secret quantum mechanic physics could be encoded into words. What Marko discovered was that (A=1, b=2, h=5, a=1) = 9. The fact that The Most Great Name of God equaled 9 seemed very important to him as everything he had read in both the Bahai scriptures and other religious text spoke of nine being the omni-potent number. So next he drew out a circle with nine on top and 1 through 8 going around the circle clockwise. Then he discovered a very intriguing number system within this circle. Marko knew he had stumbled upon something very profound. This circle with its hidden number sequence was the "Symbol of Enlightenment." This is the MATHEMATICAL FINGERPRINT OF GOD.
Follow along as the amazing properties of this symbol unveil themselves to you. Put your pencil on number 1 and without picking up your pencil, move your pencil in a straight line to number 2, then 4, then across the center to 8. Notice that you are doubling. So next should be 16 and it is, but 1+6=7. So move your pencil to 7. Then 16 doubled is 32, but 3+2=5. So move your pencil to 5. Then 32 doubled is 64 and 6+4=10 and 1+0=1. And you're back to 1. So move the pencil across the center and back up to 1. The significance of the Mayan calender is that 64 is one complete cycle of infinity. Then it begins again with 64 doubled is 128 and 1+2+8=11, then 1+1=2. And so on. You will never get off this track as you keep doubling. Notice the infinity symbol has formed underneath your pencil, creating an ever-repeating pattern of 1, 2, 4, 8, 7, 5. Amazingly, this number sequence stays intact as you half numbers as well. Start again at the 1 but this time go backwards on the infinity symbol. Half of 1 is .5, so move your pencil to the 5. Then half of .5 is .25, and 2+5=7. So move your pencil to the 7. And half of .25 is .125 and 1+2+5=8. So move to the 8. Next half of .125 is .0625 and 0+6+2+5=13 and 1+3=4. So go across to the 4. And half of .0625 is .03125 and 0+3+1+2+5=11 and 1+1=2. So move to the 2. Forever staying on the route of 1,2,4,8,7,5 even backwards.
As you replace the decimal numbers with their power (for example 0.5=10, .25=100, 0.125=1,000) you will see that the powers line up horizontally.
At this point some of you might be thinking, "What in the world do these number patterns have to do with real world applications?" These number groupings piece together into a jig-saw-like puzzle pattern that perfectly demonstrates the way energy flows. Our base-ten decimal system is not man made, rather it is created by this flow of energy. Amazingly, after twenty years of working with this symbol and collaborating with engineers and scientists, Marko discovered that the 1,2,4,8,7,5 was a doubling circuit for a very efficient electrical coil.
There was still one more very important number pattern to be realized. On the MATHEMATICAL FINGERPRINT OF GOD notice how the 3, 9, and 6 are in red and do not connect at the base. That is because it is a vector. The 1,2,4,8,7,5 is the third dimension while the oscillation between the 3 and 6 demonstrates the fourth dimension, which is the higher dimensional magnetic field of an electrical coil. The 3, 9, and 6 always occur together with the 9 as the control. In fact, the Yin/Yang is not a duality but rather a trinary. This is because the 3 and 6 represent each side of the Yin/Yang and the 9 is the "S" curve between them. Everything is based on thirds. We think that the universe is based on dualities because we see the effects not the cause.
When I say the oscillation between the 3 and 6 what I mean is that 3 doubled is 6 and 6 doubled is 12, but 1+2=3, and then 12 doubled is 24, but 2+4=6 and 24 doubled is 48, but 4+8=12 and 1+2=3. So the 3 and 6 go back and forth in their own separate dimension. This creates the other important pattern of (3,9,6,6,9,3,3,9).
Now lay out the number patterns on the 2D grid. Place the 3,9,6,6,9,3,3,9 number pattern in the center of the 1,2,4,8,7,5 number pattern going forward and the 1,2,4,8,7,5 number pattern going backwards this continuation creates an amazingly perfect number map. The MATHEMATICAL FINGERPRINT OF GOD is a legend or blueprint for the torus and can be visualized in a 2D form below.
The 2D number map forms the 3D skin of the torus and thus demonstrates the concept of the winding of the coil.
And the 9 demonstrates the omni dimension which is the higher dimensional flux emanation called Spirit that always occurs within the center of the magnetic field lines. The last number left to be explained from The MATHEMATICAL FINGERPRINT OF GOD is the number 9. The number nine is Energy being manifested in a single moment event of occurrence in our physical world of creation. It is unique because it is the focal center by being the only number identifying with the vertical upright axis. It is the singularity or the Primal Point of Unity. The number nine never changes and is linear. For example all multiples of 9 equal 9. 9x1=9, 9x2=18, but 1+8=9, 9x3=27, but 2+7=9. This is because it is emanating in a straight line from the center of mass out of the nucleus of every atom, and from out of the singularity of a black hole. It is complete, revealing perfection, and has no parity because it always equals itself. The number nine is the missing particle in the universe known as Dark Matter.
The number nine lines up with the center of the infinity symbol and it is from this center that the linear emanations we call Spirit emanate from the center of mass outwards. Spirit is the only thing in the universe that moves in a straight line. Spirit is the inertia aether that Einstein postulated. Spirit is what makes everything else warp and curve around it. The perfect number patterns are actually created by this Spirit energy. Without Spirit the universe would become destitute and void. Spirit flow is the source of all movement as well as the source of the non-decaying spin of the electron.
Numbers have temporal, spatial and volumetric qualities. For example, physics is the base ten number system. In other words numbers have bilateral or mirror symmetry and line up in stratified layers of horizontal planes. This is the same as physics' parity. There are nine simple multiplication series (one series for each discrete number 1-9) in Vortex-Based Mathematics. These multiplication series are based upon reducing all products to single digits via horizontal addition forming meaningful number sequences.
There are three polar number pairs; 1 and 8, 2 and 7, 4 and 5. For example, multiples of 4 are 1x4=4, 2x4=8, 3x4=12 but 1+2=3, 4x4=16 but 1+6=7, 5x4=20 but 2+0=2, 6x4=24 but 2+4=6, 7x4=28 but 2+8=10 and 1+0=1, 8x4=32 but 3+2=5, 9x4=36 but 3+6=9. So multiples of 4 equal 4,8,3,7,2,6,1,5 and multiples of 5, the polar opposite of 4, are (5,1,6,2,7,3,8,4). Each pair forms number sequences that are identical but in opposing directions. So if you take the multiples of 5 and look at them running backwards they are the same as the multiples of 4 running forwards. In exactly the same way the multiplication series for the polar pair [1,8] is: (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8) and (8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1) for the number 1 and the number 8 respectively. The multiplication series for the polar pair [2,7] is: (2,4,6,8,1,3,5,7) and (7,5,3,1,8,6,4,2). Everything is starting from the center outwards, from the singularity.
Nature is expressing herself with numbers. The symmetry of our decimal system is a principle of nature. The 9 axis causes the doubling circuit and it is the point towards which matter converges and away from which it diverges or expands. Thus the polar number pairs will be mirror images of each other, both flowing in opposite directions from the central axis. There is perfect symmetry wrapped around a single point coiling outwards the way that petals are wrapped in a rose, or a nautilus shell spirals outward.
Marko Rodin has discovered the source of the non-decaying spin of the electron. Although scientists know that all electrons in the universe spin, they have never discovered the source of this spin. Rodin has. He has discovered the underpinning geometry of the universe, the fabric of time itself. He has done this by reducing all higher mathematics – calculus, geometry, scalar math – to discrete-number mathematics.
With the introduction of Vortex-Based Mathematics you will be able to see how energy is expressing itself mathematically. This math has no anomalies and shows the dimensional shape and function of the universe as being a toroid or donut-shaped black hole. This is the template for the universe and it is all within our base ten decimal system!
The potential scope and breadth of the Rodin Solution is staggering; it is universally applicable in mathematics, science, biology, medicine, genetics, astronomy, chemistry, physics and computer science. The Rodin Solution will revolutionize computer hardware by creating a crucial gap space, or equi-potential major groove, in processors. This gap space generates underpinning nested vortices resulting in far higher efficiency with no heat build-up. The Rodin Solution replaces the binary code with a new code called the binary triplet which will revolutionize computer operating systems. It will transform physics and astrophysics by finally answering how black holes and pulsars work. Space travel will be revolutionized by reactionless drives that are unaffected by the weight they pull, making the present day combustion engine obsolete. The revolution brought on by reactionless drives will far surpass the societal changes wrought by the shift from steam engines to the present day combustion engine. The Rodin Solution can even be applied to ending pollution and drought by creating an inexhaustible, nonpolluting energy source. Because Rodin´s Vortex-Based Mathematics enables him to condense a trillion-fold calculation to only a few integer steps and because he is able to solve all the mathematical enigmas, the Rodin Solution will revolutionize computer information compression.
Rudimentary versions of the Rodin Coil, or Rodin Torus, have been created and tested by leading scientists and are presently being used by the U.S. Government in antennas that protect the four corners of the continental U.S.. Life-saving medical devices based on crude approximations of the Rodin Coil Torus are being manufactured and used in the treatment of cancer patients. Microsoft´s former senior researcher is using the Rodin Coil to research, develop and patent new computer information-compression schemes.
Although many people are applying aspects of the Rodin Solution, on the basis of private consultations and a Rodin monograph published 20 years ago, Marko Rodin has never explained key concepts such as the phasing and energization of the Rodin Coil. Although there has been a virtual stampede to get at this work, Rodin has remained silent or uncooperative, preferring to continue his work and research in isolation. He is now ready to reveal publicly the true power and scope of the Rodin Solution.
- source: www.markorodin.com
In the book Center of the Cyclone by Dr. John C. Lilly he states, “Discoveries of any great moment in mathematics...are seen to be extremely simple and obvious, and make everybody, including their discover, appear foolish for not having discovered them before.” Such is the nature of profound discovery.
Over thirty years ago Marko Rodin made one such discovery when he wrote out for the first time what is now considered by many to be the most perfect equation ever written. It was about as simple as it gets. Nine numbers evenly spaced around a circle. And yet what was contained within was the secret to all the sciences that had eluded humankind for centuries. Marko had discovered the true nature of numbers themselves. He had discovered mathematical perfection. Within this little diagram were contained all the functions and abilities of all of the branches of math and science.
For over 23 years Marko labored to push this equation to a level where it could become engineerable. His goal was to harness this numerical perfection to obsolete all existing technology be it in the realms of power and propulsion, medicine and surgery, food and water production, computers, or even antennae and sound systems. And just when it seemed that it might be impossible he made another breakthrough. Marko found how to give his numbers dimension in quantum space and when he plotted them out he found that this little 2-dimensional cross section of a circle actually had the ability to fold out into a 3-dimensional model of the universe in the shape of a Torus or donut.
This was a highly significant discovery as it revealed for the first time why the Torus shape is so important and fundamental to nature. So important that it is actually the basis for every other form. Hence the fact that we see it from the micro to the macro scale in everything from our own blood cells and DNA to tornados and hurricanes to planetary magnetic fields to large scale galactic formations. All are observed to fold out into the shape of a Torus. I believe we will one day discover that even the entire universe itself is in this shape.
Within six months, Marko found himself presenting at Air Space America 1988 the biggest aerospace convention ever held in the world. George Bush Sr. was the Master of Ceremonies and it was there that he first unveiled his Torus model claiming that it was an engineering blueprint for the most advanced flying machine ever created.
Marko claimed to be able to use his numbers to harness the power of spin, liberating a heretofore unobserved, untapped ‘zero-point’ energy, to create a vertical lift wingless flying machine with the ability to travel anywhere in the universe. This energy has been known by many names in science (tachyons, monopoles, theta particles, dark energy) but this was the first time the anyone had claimed a mathematical model that could pinpoint a ‘when and where’ location in space that would allow it to be harnessed. In other words, we now had the blueprint for constructing a flying saucer. Marko called his machine, “The Flux Thruster Atom Pulsar Electrical Venturi Space Time Implosion Field Generator Coil.”
How amazed was I then to find that, nearly twenty years later in 2006 when I first encountered Marko’s work, almost nothing had been done to see this developed into a usable technology other than the primitive development of Marko’s initial bifiliar Flux Thruster Atom Pulsar Coil (aka the Rodin Coil). The only information that was even available was a short, informal, and elementary presentation given by Marko in the late nineties that is still available on Youtube. However, I was determined to move this project forward and so I commenced to squeeze every bit of information I could out of this limited source and to get to work on applying the knowledge I found.
For the next few years I labored diligently applying Marko’s own methods to his work until one night, to my own jaw dropping astonishment, I found an entirely new solution that had been missed by the finest scientific minds who had approached and analyzed this work. Once again Dr. Lilly’s words rang true. I had discovered something completely new, the perfection of perfection and the key to creating three-dimensional lattice structure circuitry that (when properly engineered) has the ability to be superconductive at room temperature and can tap and harness this elusive ‘dark energy.’
I call my discovery the ABHA Torus. It is now the full completion of how to engineer Marko Rodin’s Vortex Based Mathematics. The ABHA Torus as I have discovered it is the true and perfect Torus and it has the ability to reveal in 3-D space any and all mathematical/geometric relationships possible allowing it to essentially accomplish any desired functional application in the world of technology. This is because the ABHA Torus provides us a mathematical framework where the true secrets of numbers (qualitative relationships based on angle and ratio) are revealed in fullness.
This is why I believe that the ABHA Torus as I have calculated is the most powerful mathematical tool in existence because it presents proof that numbers are not just flat imaginary things. To the contrary, numbers are stationary vector interstices that are real and exhibiting at all times spatial, temporal, and volumetric qualities. Being stationary means that they are fixed constants. In the ABHA Torus the numbers never move but the functions move through the numbers modeling vibration and the underlying fractal circuitry that natures uses to harness living energy.
The ABHA Torus as revealed by the Rodin/Powell solution displays a perfectly symmetrical spin array of numbers (revealing even prime number symmetry), a feat that has baffled countless scientists and mathematicians throughout the ages. It even uncovers the secret of bilateral symmetry as actually being the result of a diagonal motion along the surface and through the internal volume of the torus in an expanding and contracting polarized logarithmic spiral diamond grain reticulation pattern produced by the interplay of a previously unobserved Positive Polarity Energetic Emanation (so-called ‘dark’ or ‘zero-point’ energy) and a resulting Negative Polarity Back Draft Counter Space (gravity).
If experimentally proven correct such a model would for example replace the standard approach to toroidal coils used in energy production today by precisely defining all the proportional and angular relationships existent in a moving system and revealing not only the true pathway that all accelerated motion seeks (be it an electron around the nucleus of an atom or water flowing down a drain) but in addition revealing this heretofore unobserved, undefined point energetic source underlying all space-time, motion, and vibration.
The ABHA Torus is a universal primal geometry designed for maximum efficiency in energy transformation as well as a functional method by which the universe reprocesses matter, using it as a coolant source to bathe itself at the core of a black hole and then dissipating heat away from the center out of a white hole and along the Torus’ polarized pathways of motion. This is actually the true explanation of how black holes, white holes, quasars, etc. work. They are all various manifestations of the principles of compression and decompression used to control temperature in many technologies today such as car engines and refrigerators.
Even the helical structure of the DNA molecule is an example of Torsion effects. It is the same principle as an electrical coil. Our blood cells as well are toroids and in fact the entire human body is an example of a toroidal system which is evidenced by the appellation ‘torso’.
All of the aforementioned are representatives of one-way living, systemic magnetic/electrical systems that suck things in at the top (implosion) and shoot them out at the bottom (explosion). This process essentially creates a jet that allows the system to propel itself forward. However, as previously mentioned, the ABHA Torus has the ability to model even beyond the three dimensional processes of implosion and explosion by revealing their focal center, control, and convergence which is a Positive Point Source Emanation and the key to harnessing the unlimited energy potential of a higher dimension.
These emanations, called by the Rodin team Aetherons, are omni-directional, emanating from the focal center of any body of mass outwards in a trinary harmonic phasing which is the source of the non-decaying spin of the electron and the missing inertia-ether proposed by Albert Einstein. Aetherons are the only things in the universe that are irresistible, penetrating everything, and moving in an undeviating, non-decaying straight line that all physical mass is forced to warp and curve around.
Without these emanations the universe would instantly become destitute and void because of the way that the Aetherons penetrate, animate, and impart mass to all matter, creating what Marko Rodin first called the underpinning geometry of the universe. In other words, Aetherons bestow upon every material thing both its form and function which is why the ABHA Torus can reveal the true free flight pathways of least resistance for any and all motion whether it is electrons through a wire or space craft entering an atmosphere. This is a highly significant discovery for instance to anyone interested in celestial navigation because standard approaches to mathematics are based on approximations of reality and are unable to reveal these angular and proportional relationships. Strictly speaking this means that mathematicians have been unable to find a way to accurately pinpoint a location in three-dimensional space and are always forced to incorporate cumbersome correcting calculations for spacecraft once they begin to approach their destinations.
The ABHA Torus on the other hand is able to precisely locate any point in space by its ability to interface with all other Aetheron emanations present in the universe. This gives it the self-inherent property of automatic self-stabilization and orientation towards a preferred frame of reference which is its axis. And because the ABHA Torus is self-referential it can always know where up, down, left, right, front, and back are in relation to any other self-referential system of relativity.
Such statements cannot be underestimated in their importance. For if this math is correct then understanding the location of Aetheron emanations and their resulting magnetic and electrical effects in a precise where and when as modeled by the ABHA Torus is the key to understanding how to construct the ultimate technology.
With such a model it is possible to achieve electrical motion that is synchronized, void of harmonic discordance, and concentrated into a singularity at it’s focal center. This singularity is also a jet that ostensibly allows for the creation of an inexhaustible and self-contained vertical lift reactionless drive with a tremendous magnetic output. So tremendous our numbers tell us that it will be able to bare any load into space regardless of its weight and without the need to return to Earth for fuel.
Not only that but any engineer who can read the numerical interferometry patterns on the ABHA Torus is actually able to move beyond the quantum threshold and observe separate freeze frame electrical moments running in counter mirror image directions in both past, present, and future positions along all x, y, and z axis’. Thus one can actually calculate even along the linear radial spokes of the z-axis revealing various polarized layers of the ABHA Torus skin and quite easily overriding the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle which states that one can never know simultaneously the past, present, and future position of an electron.
Beyond just physics however, Aetheron emanations are crucial in many other areas of scientific research. For the ABHA Torus is the only mathematical schematic available that can cross the boundary from one science to another revealing the secrets not only of sub-atomic physics, the periodic table or computer science but showing the true source of the unexplained helical coiling in DNA to be mathematically observable Aetheron Flux Fields and their resulting nested vortices. By harnessing these nested flux field vortices to control DNA mitosis and replication entirely new avenues of treating disease are opened and it will become possible to selectively cut and splice and genetic patterns without the use of invasive surgical techniques or even external frequency based techniques such as radionics.
This same principle can be applied to computer hardware for the ABHA Torus reveals the necessity of implementing naturally magnetically active gap spaces (similar to the one found in a DNA spiral helix and sometimes referred to as an equipotential major groove) in the electrical circuitry of all processing systems. As revealed by the mathematical data abstracted from the ABHA Torus these gap spaces will allow for the natural occurrence of these same nested vortices of electrical motion which have the potential to generate far greater speed and efficiency with no heat build-up.
Using the Rodin/Powell solution to the ABHA Torus these underpinning microscopic nested vortices can now be harnessed to turn any continuous medium superconductive at room temperature based upon the phasing of the vortices and the creation of a harmonic shearing effect that allows two electrical conducting wires to touch each other side by side without shorting out. This is regardless of total amount of energy output and requires no insulation.
That is to say that one could create a computer processing system that automatically regulated its own temperature much in the same way that the human body is a temperature regulating electrical machine. Thus getting rid of the resistance and parasitic friction found in all standard approaches eliminates the need for costly and cumbersome refrigeration heat sinks. For instead of using an external cooling system the ABHA Torus allows electricity’s own magnetic field to breathe and naturally bathe it’s multiple fractal conductors in a ‘magnetic wind’ that maintains temperature (by concentrating and immediately removing heat from the singularity) and eliminates the risk of incineration and short-circuiting.
With the ABHA Torus model we will no longer have to use primitive techniques of forcing electricity through wires and cutting the field with right angled correcting magnets which generates tremendous friction and heat loss as is measured in most light bulbs today. Instead the ABHA Torus uses the heretofore unobserved Aetheron emanations to generate magnetic flux fields which are evenly distributed over the surface area of the coil and which pull the electricity in perfectly phased synchronization through the creation of negative draft counter space. This is the same phenomenon as gravity. It is not actually a force as is currently posited in physics but is rather a back draft counter space created by a positive monopole emanation (previously posited to exist by Maxwell).
These emanations again allow for the creation of ‘underpinning nested vortices’ similar to sunspots or dimples on a golf ball that have their own harmonically sequenced activation stages out of which a tremendous amount of information may be extrapolated. For the underpinning nested vortices allow the ABHA Torus to always maintain perfect polarization and stabilized equilibrium in conjunction with dynamic angular momentum and acceleration meaning that it cannot even tilt in its rotation.
As previously stated, such a phenomena is not solely significant in physics where it for the first time reveals the true mechanism behind astrophysical phenomena such as Pulsars, Quasars, Black Holes but the mathematical unification of gravity with polarity as provided by the ABHA Torus is simultaneously a numerical model which reveals the binary code in computers to actually be the result of a trinary phasing sequence and multiple circuitry patterns creating an entirely new coding mechanism called a binary triplet.
Russell Blake, former senior researcher from Microsoft, believes that this is something that could have the power to completely revolutionize computer operating systems and information compression by condensing extremely complex calculations to only a few integer steps. According to Blake, “This fantastic coherence has existed since the beginning of time but has yet to harnessed by mankind and the potential is truly mind-boggling.”
Mind-boggling indeed considering that not only does the ABHA Torus introduce a new type of processor for computers, but its universal numerical application allows for the creation of an entirely new artificial intelligence operating system. Again this is because of the inestimable uses of the new binary triplet operating system which has the ability to replace the standard dimensionless binary code of 0’s and 1’s with a dimensional, geometric, polarized binary integer repeating doubling sequence that has perfect mathematical coherence on a minimum of six different self-referencing axes intersecting any point and is not only three dimensional but actually higher omni-fourth dimensional as well.
In addition, the ABHA Torus is the only whole number numerical map in history that maintains a non-decaying scalar fractal pattern from micro infinity to macro infinity and yet is simultaneously a finite, contained, coherent, unified, and measureable entity. This means that one can navigate on all numerical axes of the ABHA Torus and resolve the obstacles to artificial intelligence by its capacity to reveal the means towards multi-dimensional computation even along the linear radial spokes of the transparent Z-axis. Not only that but the ABHA Torus’ combinatorial explosion triangulation diagram actually reveals a perfect and simple method whereby programmers can move through the event horizon of a torus vortex-well singularity, invert and emerge upon the other side in an unbroken closed loop cycle. Such a thing is frankly unheard of in conventional computation, which is always forced to break down and self-destruct and cannot successfully emerge on the opposite side of the singularity.
Simply put, the ABHA Torus does it all. It is a blueprint for a perfectly efficient magnetic field generating motor and a supercomputer all in one. In addition, the ABHA Torus functions as a simultaneous antenna that could rid the world of all hard-wired technologies and even overturn the current approaches to wireless technology due to the ability of Aetheron Flux Fields to receive and transmit through any medium, penetrating what even magnets cannot penetrate, and tapping into the source of quantum non-locality.
Are such things possible? Perhaps. In truth, the full ramifications of this discovery remain to be seen due to its almost complete lack of acceptance and funding. However, skeptics should keep in mind that testing by engineers has already shown that approximate versions of Rodin Coil antennas are 60% more sensitive than any other antenna in existence resulting in the U.S. government presently using these antennas to protect the countries boundaries. Even primitive, homemade versions of the Rodin Coil tested by Hewlett Packard were determined to create at least 62.5% greater magnetic output than the standard wound coils while using 20% less copper. These are not insignificant results. In actuality, they are proof if nothing else that current electrical theory is fatally flawed in its approach.
Furthermore, initial testing of primitive versions of the new Powell/Rodin ABHA Torus design has shown even greater efficiency as well as unexplainable torsion effects indicating an unknown energy present even when the coil is not energized.
Over unity? Free Energy? Not yet for such devices will certainly require funding and the use of automatic technology to create precisely honed ABHA Torus structures capable of harnessing the true power of toroidal pinch. Most likely such devices will not be made of wire but will use other continuous media such as plasma gases which have the ability to expand and contract or even rapid prototyping lasers. Only experimentation will be able to unveil the truth at this point. But skeptics should keep in mind that many people have built devices that have interesting effects but very few have been able to provide satisfactory explanations for their work; certainly fewer an explanation of a mathematical nature. For that reason alone the ABHA Torus is a completely unique technological schematic awaiting hands-on application and new discoveries in every field of endeavor.
So why not attempt the impossible? There’s really nothing better to do as long as we’re stuck to this planet. And there is no greater technology schematic than the human brain, conscious awareness, and inspired innovation. Anyway, everybody loves a flying saucer!
xenqabbalah.fandom.com
hr.sott.net
Sagradili elektranu, izazvali rekordan potres
Isto se događa i zbog crpljenja nafte frakturiranjem, ali niti od toga niti od ovih elektrana nitko ne odustaje. Južnu Koreju 2017. godine pogodio je drugi najveći potres u njihovoj povijesti. Posljednja istraživanja pokazuju da je taj potres nastao, najvjerojatnije, zbog ljudskog djelovanja, i to rada eksperimentalne geotermalne elektrane u Pohangu. Geotermalne elektrane ovisne su o zemljinoj toplini kako bi proizvele čistu, jeftinu energiju, zbog čega su i jako atraktivne u potrebi borbe protiv klimatskih promjena. Elektrana u Pohangu jedna je od takvih koje se nalaze diljem svijeta. Radi se na njihovom razvoju, i na tome da se ova vrsta elektrana učini što učinkovitijom, piše Popular Mechanics. Elektrana radi na način da se zagrijana voda iz geotermalnog izvora vraća na površinu, gdje se višak topline pretvara u električnu energiju. I baš kao i hidrauličko frakturiranje tako i geotermalne elektrane mogu izazvati potrese. Jedna takva u Švicarskoj uzrokovala je potres od 3,4 stupnja 2006. godine. Bez obzira na razlog, upumpavanje sve te vode u Zemlju može destabilizirati koru i olakšati klizanje tektonskih ploča. Rezultat su potresi, a ponekad vrlo teški. Veliki je to problem za zajednice koje žive oko takvih postrojenja. Elektrana Pohang je trajno zatvorena, no mnogo njih diljem svijeta i dalje radi. SAD je tijekom godina izgradio niz takvih elektrana a planira se i gradnja novih, u sklopu sporazuma Green New Deal. Ako se to dogodi, učestali potresi mogli bi biti velika briga za ljude koji žive oko takvih elektrana. To je problem koji bi se trebao riješiti ako će geotermalna energija biti održiv izvor električne anergije. Neka istraživanja pokazuju kako bi se na takav način moglo proizvesti 100 gigavata energije u SAD-u tijekom sljedećih nekoliko desetljeća, uz ulaganja od samo milijardu dolara. Samo bi najprije trebali riješiti problem njihove razorne moći i potencijala da unište sve oko sebe.
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Nakon što se građani registriraju i slijedom uputa uplate novac na račun naveden u ponudi za ulaganje te ta uplata bude evidentirana u našem sustavu, uplaćeni novac se čuva se na računu posebne namjene do trenutka kada se ne prikupi traženi iznos za pojedini projekt. Nakon što pristigne dovoljan broj uplata te se skupi traženi iznos za pojedini projekt, sredstva se namjenski koriste za realizaciju pojedinog projekta. Zelena energetska zadruga će prema uvjetima ulaganja i u pojedini projekt te otplatnom planu krenuti isplaćivati anuitete investitorima. Trenutno u projekte mogu ulagati samo građani Republike Hrvatske, stariji od 18 godina, s prebivalištem registriranim u Hrvatskoj te bankovnim računom u RH.
Kamata se uglavnom obračunava s počekom od datuma uplate jer se taj tzv. “grace period” koristi za prikupljanje financijskih sredstava i implementaciju projekta. Za svaki projekt se posebno radi otplatna tablica s definiranim datumima isplata anuiteta, a koju registrirani korisnici mogu vidjeti tokom procesa ulaganja u pojedini projekt. Minimalni ulog u projekte je 1000 HRK, dok je maksimalni iznos ulaganja ograničen na 5% iznosa ukupne investicije u pojedini projekt kako bi izbjegli da projekt preuzmu veliki investitori te omogućili priliku za ulaganje većem broju građana.
Prvi anuitet se investitorima isplaćuje nakon proteka godine dana i “grace perioda” definiranog za pojedini projekt, a zatim svakih godinu dana nakon toga do isteka ugovornog razdoblja. Svaki anuitet isplaćen investitorima sadrži dio glavnice i kamatu, a isti se isplaćuju godišnje prema otplatnom planu navedenom u uvjetima financiranja i otplatnoj tablici svakog projekta. Ukoliko su se vaši podatci o računu za isplatu sredstava promijenili svakako ih ažurirajte na svom korisničkom profilu kako bi novac bio pravilno isplaćen na Vaš račun.
Zelena energetska zadruga kao zajmoprimac će obračunavati i uplaćivati porez te pripadajući prirez koji se obračunava prema mjestu stanovanja, za svakog investitora. Porez na kapitalnu dobit u RH trenutno iznosi 12% na ostvarenu kamatu, dok se prirez na porez obračunava prema mjestu prebivališta te može iznositi od 0% do 18%. Isplatnu kalkulaciju koja uključuje poreze i prireze svaki investitor dobiva na uvid prije ulaganja. Ukoliko za vrijeme ugovornog razdoblja promijenite svoje mjesto prebivališta, molimo vas da ažurirate podatke na svom korisničkom profilu.
Zezinvest je platforma za grupno financiranje projekata obnovljivih izvora energije i energetske učinkovitosti. Preko platforme će se financirati projekti obnovljivih izvora energije vrijednosti od 200.000 do 2.000.000 kn, osim ako u iznimnim situacijama nije dogovoreno drugačije između Zezinvest tima i korisnika projekta. Iznos traženog financiranja se dogovara s korisnikom projekta, a može iznositi ukupni potrebni iznos za implementaciju cijelog projekta ili djelomičan iznos u slučajevima kad se ostatak pokriva iz drugih izvora. Ukoliko je projekt veći od 2.000.000 kn Zezinvest može pomoći u ishodovanju drugih izvora financiranja kako bi se projekt uspješno financirao, a navedenih 2.000.000 kn ponuditi građanima.
Važno je da se implementacijom projekta mogu ostvariti uštede u trenutnim računima korisnika projekta jer se iz tih ušteda vraća povrat investitorima. Projekti mogu biti u sferi obnvoljivih izvora energije poput sunčanih, vjetro, hidro ili elektrana na biomasu/bioplin ili energetske učinkovitosti. Kako bi procijenili mogućnosti ušteda na lokaciji potrebno je napraviti tehno-ekonomsku analizu projekta, što je ujedno i prvi korak kojeg naši stručnjaci rade nakon potvrde interesa od strane korisnika projekta. Dubinsku analizu je moguće raditi na jednoj ili nekoliko lokacija, dok je nekad najbolje inicijalno napraviti šire mapiranje potencijala na određenom geografskom području kako bi se odredile lokacije s najvećim potencijalim.
Uzimajući u obzir potencijal uštede, procjenu rizika i očekivan vremenski rok povratka našim investitorima, s našom podrškom, možete odrediti najbolju moguću kamatnu stopu i visinu naknade. Na toj osnovi sklapamo ugovor o suradnji i krećemo u daljnju implementaciju projekta. Ako ne posjedujete tehno-ekonomsku analizu profitabilnosti, mi vas možemo savjetovati o proizvodima i tehnologijama koje se mogu razmotriti. Također, Zelena energetska zadruga vam može izraditi tehnoekonomsku analizu vašeg projekta. U sakupljanju podataka vam stojimo na raspolaganju i u svakom trenutku možete računati na našu pomoć. Ukoliko smatrate da postoji potreba vanjski evaluator može izvršiti dodatnu procjenu projekta.
Prema podatcima o dobivenima tehno-ekonomskom analizom određuje se projekcija ostvarenih ušteda u računima električne energije kod korisnika projekta i dimenzioniranja projekta prema potrebama korisnika, uglavnom po modelu vlastite potrošnje na lokaciji. Zatim se radi financijska analiza kojom se izračunava optimalna kamatna stopa za investitore na način da anuitet koji plaća korisnik projekta ne prelazi iznos projiciranih ušteda, osim ako nije drugačije dogovoreno s korisnikom.
Na taj način se osigurava da za vrijeme ugovornog razdoblja korisnik ne plaća više nego što je do tada plaćao za električnu energiju dok se razlika u uštedama u potpunosti prebacuje na ostvarivanje povrata odnosno visine kamatne stope za investitore u projekt. Duljina ugovornog razdoblja se određuje na način da isplativost cijelog projekta bude povoljna i za korisnike i za investitore i ista je u pravilu manja od 15 godina.
Projekti po principu ključ u ruke: Prednost korištenja Zezinvest platforme za korisnike projekata je svakako kompletna usluga po principu ključ u ruke koja se ne odnosi samo na financiranje projekta već i izradu kompletne projektne dokumentacije, implementaciju i njegovo održavanje. Implementacija projekata obnovljivih izvora energije ili energetske učinkovitosti je često zahtjevna zbog razine znanja potrebnog iz više disciplina, od tehničkih aspekata u energetici do financijskih, pravnih i administrativnih izazova, za što je potrebno inicijalno znanje i uloženo vrijeme. Zezinvest štedi vrijeme i pojednostavljuje procese financiranja i realizacije projekata, kako građanima investitorima tako i svojim korisnicima.
Uključivanje građana: Otvaranjem projekata prema građanima radi se i na investiranju uspješniji i stabilniji građani rezultiraju i većim prosperitetom cijele lokalne zajednice. Uključivanjem građana u financiranje projekata u lokalnim zajednicama pojačava se društvena kohezija. Investiranjem građani postaju i osobno, pozitivno angažirani oko projekta te imaju priliku za ostvarivanje financijske koristi od svog ulaganja čime novac ostaje u rukama građana i lokalne zajednice gdje ponovo stvara vrijednost. Uključivanjem građana projekt, isti postaje transparentniji i prihvaćeniji od strane javnosti, a građani se prilikom ulaganja educiraju iz područja financija, energetike i zaštite okoliša.
Vidljivost projekata: Prilikom financiranja projekata standardnim zaduživanjem ne postiže se značajna vidljivost projekta. Brojna istraživanja o grupnom financiranju pokazala su da investitori u pojedine projekte imaju tendenciju isti projekt i proširiti među svojim prijateljima i poznanicima što stvara domino efekt vidljivosti. U sklopu naše usluge se također nalaze i promotivne aktivnosti koje dodatno potiču vidljivost projekta, njegovog korisnika te uključenje građana.
Uz potpisivanje ugovora o zakupu, korisnik potpisuje i ovjerava bjanko zadužnicu u visini ukupne vrijednosti projekta, kao instrument osiguranja naplate potraživanja. Korisnici projekta dobivaju uslugu projektnog managementa koji obuhvaća sve tehničke radnje potrebne za implementaciju projekta i njegovo održavanje po principu ključ u ruke.
Odgovor ovisi uvelike o tome u kojoj je fazi pripreme projekt u trenutku inicijalnog kontakta. Bez obzira na prethodnu tehničku dokumentaciju stručnjaci iz Zezinvesta će uvijek napraviti posebnu predinvesticijsku analizu. Pripremna faza projekta može trajati između 1-4 mjeseca. Rok za financiranje putem platforme je uglavnom 30 dana, no praksa je pokazala da se projekti financiraju unutar svega nekoliko dana. Nakon financiranja slijedi implementacija projekta koja uvelike ovisi o projektu i može trajati od jednog do više mjeseci.
Svakom projektu pristupamo partnerski i pokušavamo se prilagoditi potrebama naših korisnika, od kojih očekujemo da nam daju svoju podršku u procesu. U sklopu ugovora pobrinuti ćemo se za pronalazak investitora i promociju projekta kroz vlastiti newsletter i društvene mreže, a u dogovoru s korisnikom ćemo pomoći pri organizaciji lokalnih događaja ili gostovanja u medijima. Druge eventualne aktivnosti će se raditi na zahtjev i po dogovoru s korisnikom projekta kojem je zapravo isto u interesu uključiti se partnerski i promovirati projekt sa svoje strane.
Nakon što se postigne predviđeni iznos financiranja, nove uplate u projekt će biti zaustavljene. Prekomjerno financiranje nije potrebno jer se financijska analiza projekta uvijek radi prema točnim potrebama implementacije pojedinog projekta i ne koristi se za druge svrhe. Ukoliko pristigne više uplata nego što je definirano u projektu, isti novac će biti vraćen građanima ulagačima.Ukoliko se pak ne dostigne traženi iznos u zadanom vremenskom roku trajanja kampanje grupnog ulaganja, sav pristigli novac će biti vraćen ulagačima. Do sada su projekti na Zezinvest platformi imali 100% uspješnost financiranja.
Kako bi se smanjio rizik i osigurao povrat investicije poduzeli smo niz mjera kao što su:
* Zelena energetska zadruga, sa svojim dugogodišnjem iskustvom na području obnovljivih izvora energije, i kao nositelj investicije u svaki projekt po trenutnom modelu, uvijek radi vlastitu procjenu rizika kroz tehnoekonomsku i financijsku analizu pojedinog projekta;
* Korisnici projekta plaćaju Zadruzi mjesečne anuitete zakupnine u odnosu na godišnje isplate za koje se Zadruga obvezuje prema investitorima, čime je uvijek ostavljen prostor za pravodobnu reakciju u slučaju nemogućnosti naplate potraživanja;
* Ukoliko je korisnik projekta pravna osoba u vlasništvu grada ili općine, ista jedinica lokalne samouprave je potpisnik i jamac ugovora o zakupu opreme;
* Korisnik projekta potpisuje bjanko zadužnicu u korist Zelene energetske zadruge u iznosu cjelokupne investicije u projekt uključujući i vrijednost ukupnih anuiteta;
* Svaki projekt je adekvatno osiguran kod osiguravateljskih kuća u slučajevima nezgoda ili prestanka rada, a za svu opremu koja je instalirana dogovaraju se i posebna produžena jamstva za vrijeme trajanja ugovornog razdoblja.
* Uz mjere koje je Zelena energetska zadruga provela kako bi sebi i svojim investitorima smanjila rizik ulaganja, investitori također mogu pridonijeti smanjenju rizika investicije tako da detaljno prouče sve dostupne dokumente i informirano ulože u pojedini projekt, kao i da diverzificiraju svoja ulaganja.
* Ukoliko korisnik projekta neopravdano kasni s isplatama dogovorene zakupnine, Zelena energetska zadruga može aktivirati bjanko zadužnicu kako bi naplatila svoja potraživanja i osigurala povrat građanima invesitorima.
Bez obzira što mi s naše strane poduzimamo sve kako bi odabrali najbolje i najsigurnije projekte te činimo sve u našoj moći kako bi minimizirali rizik ulaganja, za investitore postoji rizik djelomičnog ili potpunog gubitka investicije te je zato od iznimne važnosti da se svi investitori informiraju o rizicima i uvjetima ulaganja u pojedini projekt. Investitori moraju biti svjesni rizika prilikom investiranja u projekte preko platformi za grupno financiranje. Prilikom ulaganja u projekte postoji mogućnost djelomičnog ili potpunog gubitka investicije, a građani su se sami dužni informirati prije nego odluče uložiti u pojedini projekt i ono što je u projektu predstavljeno.
Svaki pojedini projekt je predstavljen na web stranicama platforme, a zainteresirani investitori mogu naći i detalje o svakom projektu unutar dokumenta „Ključni podatci o ulaganju u XY projekt“ koji se može preuzeti na stranici svakog pojedinog projekta. Podatci o ugovoru odnosno uvjetima ulaganja i detaljnim izračunima povrata na ulaganja u pojedini projekt dostupni su registriranim investitorima na Zezinvest platformi. Za svako pitanje koje nije pokriveno sekcijom Čestih pitanja možete nam se slobodno obratiti putem kontakt obrasca i naš tim će Vam se javiti u najkraćem mogućem roku. Iako je Zelena energetska zadruga kao nositelj investicije u projekte poduzela mjere kako bi izbjegla ovakvu situaciju, rizik kod ulaganja i dalje postoji u obliku tehničkih, organizacijskih ili drugih nepredviđenih kašnjenja. U uvjetima ulaganja u pojedine projekte navedena su prava i mogućnosti investitora u ovakvim slučajevima.
Grupno financiranje ili “crowdfunding” se uglavnom odnosi na online investiranje većeg broja ljudi eng. crowd u određeni projekt. Projekti mogu biti različite vrste, od dobrotvornih projekata, financiranja evenata, izrade muzičkih albuma, pokretanje posla tj. poduzetništva ili financiranje solarnih elektrana. Korisnici projekta uglavnom postavljaju svoj projekt na određenu online platformu za grupno financiranje koja najviše odgovara njihovim potrebama tako što prezentiraju svoj projekt kroz tekst, slike ili video kako bi zadobili pažnju svoje ciljane publike. Jednom kad je projekt postavljen na platformu on se lako dijeli kroz različite kanale, a ljudi odnosno investitori mogu temeljem prezentacije projekta sami odabrati koji projekt žele podržati ili u kojem prepoznaju priliku kroz ulaganjem u njega. Pojedinci koji ulažu u projekte ne moraju se međusobno poznavati niti imati veće količine novca na raspolaganju kako bi uložili. Glavni preduvjet je da su zajedno s ostatkom istomišljenika motivirani da zajedničkim trudom pomognu da se određeni projekt ostvari kroz vlastito ulaganje ili dijeljenje projekta sa drugim potencijalnim ulagačima.
Grupno financiranje kombinira financijski dio projekta s onim marketinškim. Grupno financiranje često ima i pojednostavljen administrativan proces jer se uglavnom uvijek kombinira s web tehnologijama i financijskim inovacijama. Grupno financiranje vrlo uspješno popunjava rupe tamo gdje su klasične metode financiranja zakazuju zbog administrativnih ili drugih problema, te može biti od posebne važnosti za projekte s pozitivnim društvenim ili okolišnim utjecajem.
Prezentacija projekta preko platforma za grupno financiranje služi kao izvrstan alat za direktnu interakciju s korisnicima i dobivanje povratnih informacija, a jednom kad publika prihvati projekt on zna dobiti i viralni karakter jer ljudi koji ga podržavaju ga često i dijele sa svojim prijateljima i poznanicima, posebice putem društvenih mreža. Validacija projekta od strane korisnika je dosta bitna jer bez ljudi koji će biti korisnici i najperspektivniji poslovni planovi se mogu izjaloviti. Investicije građana mogu iskoristiti i kao dopuna ili privlačenje dodatnog kapitala.
Grupno financiranje se dijeli na nekoliko tipova financiranja koji su opisani u nastavku:
* Grupno financiranje bazirano na vlasničkim udjelima: Kod ovog tipa financiranja investitori za svoj ulog dobivaju vlasnički udio u investiciji s kojim mogu ili ne moraju doći i glasačka prava, a sve ovisno o pravnoj strukturi ulaganja koje može biti u obliku udjela u tvrtki, SPV-u, zadruzi i sl. Ovaj način financiranja se zove crowd investing.
* Grupno investiranje temeljeno na zajmovima: Ovaj tip financiranja se bazira na mikrozajmovima između dionika na platformi koji su u ulozi zajmodavca ili zajmoprimca. Zajmovi mogu biti sa ili bez kamatne stope, a ovaj model se nekad zna i preklapati sa financiranjem baziranom na vlasničkim udjelima – ovisno o poslovnom modelu po kojem funkcionira platforma za grupno investiranje.
* Grupno investiranje bazirano na nagradama: Investitori ne dobivaju povrat na uložena sredstva u obliku kapitala već u obliku predodređenih nagrada, eng. perks, koje inicijator projekta postavlja na stranicu svog projekta kako bi primamio investitore. Nagrade mogu biti u raznim oblicima, a generalno se dijele na proizvode/usluge ili priznanja, a vrlo su podložne kreativnom oblikovanju.
* Donacijsko grupno financiranje: Događa se kad više ljudi donira novac u određeni projekt bez očekivanja ikakve kompenzacije. Prednost korištenja grupnog financiranja u odnosu donorske organizacije je transparentnost utrošenih sredstava i mogućnost da se adresiraju specifični problemi ili individualne situacije pojedinaca kojima treba pomoć.
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Web Administrator
Dario Hrastović, dipl.ing.stroj.
O nama
HRASTOVIĆ Inženjering d.o.o. od 2004. se razvija u specijaliziranu tvrtku za projektiranje i primjenu obnovljivih izvora energije. Osnova projektnog managementa održivog razvitka društva je povećanje energijske djelotvornosti klasičnih instalacija i zgrada te projektiranje novih hibridnih energijskih sustava sunčane arhitekture. Cijeli živi svijet pokreće i održava u postojanju stalni dotok dozračene Sunčeve energije, a primjenom transformacijskih tehnologija Sunce bi moglo zadovoljiti ukupne energetske potrebe društva.
Kontakt info
HRASTOVIĆ Inženjering d.o.o.
Petra Svačića 37a, 31400 Đakovo
Ured:
Kralja Tomislava 82, 31417 Piškorevci
Hrvatska
E-mail: info@hrastovic-inzenjering.hr
Fax: 031-815-006
Mobitel: 099-221-6503